【作者】 黄志德；

【导师】 刘慕仁； 邝华；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 理论物理， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国社会和经济的快速发展,城市化进程不断加快,大量的高层建筑、大型的体育场馆、购物中心、车站、会展中心等人员密集的公共场所不断的涌现,近年来火灾、人员踩踏等事故的频繁发生,造成了大量的人员伤亡。在火灾、地震等紧急情况下,公众聚集场所内人群的安全疏散问题引起了社会的广泛关注,并且已成为当前公共安全和消防安全等领域的研究热点。因此,对人群安全疏散进行深入的研究,具有重要的现实意义和实用价值。本文在现有元胞自动机模型的基础上,提出了更加符合实际情况的疏散元胞自动机模型,分别对几种典型的公共场所内行人的紧急疏散进行了数值模拟,进而探讨了不同参数对疏散动力学的影响。全文的主要工作如下:(1)考虑楼梯出口的瓶颈效应,引入行人选择最佳出口策略和延滞时间,建立了行人流疏散仿真模型,对回形教学楼层内人员疏散过程进行了数值模拟,得到了行人在疏散过程中出现的典型现象,如拥挤、堵塞、快即是慢效应等,并讨论了疏散时间、楼梯出口宽度及走廊宽度等系统参量之间的变化关系,研究结果表明:楼梯出口的对称分布更有利于人员的紧急疏散,这为行人安全疏散管理及建筑物走廊的设计提供了一些有益的参考。(2)考虑地铁出口大厅内的结构设置,建立了元胞自动机行人流疏散模型,对出口大厅内人员疏散过程进行数值模拟,得到了疏散时间、出口宽度、检票出口通道长度和宽度等系统参量之间的变化关系,研究结果表明:当检票出口通道宽度d>2时,对疏散时间的影响较小,这为地铁出口大厅出口的设计及行人流紧急疏散管理具有一定的参考意义。(3)考虑行人的亲情互助行为,建立了房间内行人流疏散元胞自动机模型,数值模拟发现了堵塞、不连贯、聚集、返回等典型的疏散现象,并针对五种疏散情况进行了深入探讨,结果表明:当行人单自疏散时,疏散效率最高。当出现亲情互助行为时,疏散效率较低。因此,在疏散过程中行人应尽量各自疏散到安全区域,避免慌乱寻找、等待、返回等行为发生。总之,本文针对几种典型的公共场所内行人的紧急疏散,建立了相应的元胞自动机模型,数值研究得到了一些有实际意义的结果。在本文的最后,我们对行人流疏散理论的进一步研究做了分析和展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of society and economy, acceleration of the urbanization process, a large number of high-rise buildings, large stadiums, shopping malls, railway stations, convention centers and other crowded public places constantly emerging, in recent years, fires and crowd tramples such accidents have occurred frequently, causing heavy casualties. In fires, earthquakes and other emergencies, public assembly places the safety of people within the evacuation issue has aroused wide attention and has become the study hotspot of public safety and fire safety field. Therefore, in-depth study of pedestrian flow evacuation has important practical significance and practical value.In this paper, some more realistic models of cellular automata were proposed based on the existing cellular automata model. And then these modified models were applied in several public places for emergency evacuation by the numerical simulation, and discussing the influence of different parameters to evacuation dynamics. The main texts are the followings:(1) Some factors including the bottleneck effect of staircases and pedestrian choosing the best exit strategy and the delay time to be considered, a simulation model of pedestrian flow evacuation were established. Some typical phenomenon such as overcrowding, congestion and faster is slower were occurred through the simulation of the evacuation in the circle teaching building. Then the relation of system parameters among evacuation time, width of corridor, width of staircases etc were in-deep discussed. The results showed that the symmetric distribution of staircases is benefit to emergency evacuation, which offers some references to the management of emergency evacuation and design of buildings in the corridor.(2) A pedestrian flow evacuation model based on cellular automata was established by considering the setting structure of subway exit hall. Then some relation among system parameters including evacuation time, exit width, length and width of check channel were discussed by the simulation of pedestrian flow evacuation in subway hall. The results showed that the less impact on the evacuation time when the width of check channel d> 2, which would be useful reference to design of hall and emergency evacuation management.(3) A pedestrian flow evacuation model based on cellular automaton was established when considering the kin-behavior between pedestrians. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the typical phenomenon such as congestion, no coherence, aggregation, return and so on. And the in-depth discussion of five kinds of evacuation showed that: when a pedestrian insisted on evacuating solely, the evacuation was the most efficient. When the kin-behavior between pedestrians to be considering, evacuation is less efficient. Therefore the pedestrian during the evacuation should be evacuated to the safety regions, respectively, avoiding the behaviors such as confusion to find, waiting, returning and so on.In short, this paper focused on the emergency evacuation in several typical public places and setted up the corresponding cellular automaton model. Some meaningful results have been concluded by the numerical simulation studies. At the end of the paper, some further research on pedestrian flow evacuation theory were analyzed and prospected.更多还原