【作者】 张旭；

【导师】 娄丙录；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 法律， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 从世界范围看,食品安全已经超越了公共卫生的概念,成为各国政府和消费者关注的重大社会问题。食品工业的不断发展和全球化食品贸易的发展正改变着食品生产和销售的方式,尤其是发展中国家。我国食品安全的形势也是相当的严峻,我们赖以生存的食物链变得十分脆弱,食源性污染成为食品安全事件的多发情况。面对日益严重的食品安全问题,对食品安全进行法律规制是必不可少的,这是建设社会主义法治社会的必然要求,也是保障人民身体健康和生命安全的需要。法律责任作为法律规范顺利实施的保障,对其的规制也应当不断完善,但是对于目前我国的食品安全法律体系而言,在食品安全法律责任的规制方面还存在许多的问题,需要我们作进一步的研究分析。因此,本文对食品安全法律责任进行研究,希望在理论上为将来的立法、执法和权利救济提供一些有益的参考,从而有助于食品安全法律功能的充分发挥、价值的充分实现。本文由四个部分构成。第一部分概述。以现实中接连发生的食品安全事件为起始,叙述了食品安全问题对一个国家和国民的重要性。指出食品安全法律责任是公民、法人或者其他组织因违反国家有关食品安全的法律、法规而应当承担的不利后果;食品安全法律责任具有引导功能、教育功能、惩罚功能和救济功能;食品安全法律责任的价值体现在维护正常的食品生产、经营秩序,保护正规经营者的合法权益,促进经济健康持续发展,进而维护了社会公共安全秩序,保障了社会公众的身体健康和生命安全,同时还对正义和公平价值有所追求。第二部分是德国、日本和美国对食品安全法律责任制度的评析,虽然他们的社会制度、法律体系有所不同,在规定食品安全法律责任的侧重点有所不同,但在其本国的食品安全维护方面所起的作用是显而易见的。美国和德国都注重法律条文的明细化,“从农田到餐桌”全程法律的覆盖不仅可以有效保障食品安全生产、销售,还有助于执法部门的责任分配和履行职责。日本则更注重食品安全立法目的科学性、国际性和环保性,并将“预防第一”作为立法的基本原则。通过对这些国家食品安全法律责任制度的分析研究,借鉴其先进的经验和科学的方法,与我国的实际情况相结合,从而不断的完善食品安全法律责任制度的建设。第三部分深入分析我国食品安全法律责任制度的立法现状以及存在的不足,分别从民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任方面展开。在民事责任制度方面,归责原则可操作性不强导致受害消费者和违法食品生产、销售者地位严重的不对等,以致受害方损害救济无法顺利实现;食品安全法律规定的赔偿责任不能有效弥补受害人的损失,且相关法律法规对精神损害赔偿的规定涉及较少,不能真正补偿受害人的全部损失;食品安全民事纠纷解决机制存在缺陷有待完善,诉讼中受害人势单力薄,与食品生产、销售者在财力、精力等方面有较大悬殊,不利于受害人权利保护,再加上法院应对群体性纠纷的经验不多,造成受害人权利得不到有效的保障和救济。在行政责任制度方面,“从业禁止”易使行政权效力的先定性和司法权的终局性相混淆;再加上目前我国的行政执法部门在合理配置行政执法权力的问题上仍有不足,以及食品安全行政执法主体行政责任追究形式过于原则性且追究程序不健全,从而导致食品安全违法事件中行政处理不到位的问题。至于在刑事责任制度方面,由于我国现行《刑法》针对食品安全类犯罪的规制存在滞后性,调整的范围过于狭窄,对食品安全类犯罪的体系归属设置和刑罚设置不合理,导致涉食品安全类犯罪由于法律的缺失或者处罚力度的不到位而受不到应有的惩罚,从而达不到警示犯罪的目的。第四部分是针对上述食品安全法律责任制度存在的不足之处提出的完善建议,主要包括:在民事责任制度方面确立严格责任原则,将实际赔偿、惩罚性赔偿和精神损害赔偿有效结合,以及完善食品安全民事纠纷解决机制;在行政责任制度方面将对违法主体资格剥夺的终裁权归由法院享有,建立在食品安全委员会统一协调下的地方政府全程监管和本级行政监管部门分段监管相结合的监管体系,以及完善行政责任追究机制的相关法律体系;在刑事责任制度方面,修改涉食品安全类犯罪的刑法分则体系归属、罪名和刑罚设置,以达到严惩犯罪的目的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Around the world, food safety has already exceeded the concept of public health ,governments and consumers to become major sacial issues of concerns .The continuous development of the food industry and globalization of food trade is changing the way of the food production and distribution.Particularly developing countries,whose health and social environment is changing rapidly.With limited resources to undertake the task of the urbanization process,increased demand for food storage, food production facilities which need to improve ,these countries are facing many pressures .The food security of China is quite severe ,the food chain which we live has become very fragile,especially food-borne contamination of food safety incidents.Facing the new condition appearing,it is necessary to carry out the legal regulation of food safety,which is needed by building a socialist rule of law and ensuring the health safety of people.Legal responsibility that as the smooth implementation of the protection of its regulatory system also should be continuously improved,but for our country’s law system of food safety which has many problems needs us to make the further research . Therefore,through the study of legal responsibility,we hope to provide the reference to legislation,law enforcement and remedy for future in theory.Also, it is helpful to play the function of the food safety law and realize values adequately.The main body of this thesis is composed from four parts.In part one,the author disserts the significance of the food security to a state and national ,by listing the food safety incidents that occurred one after another.Pointing out that the legal liability of food safety is defined as a citizen,juridical person or organizes assume the adverse consequences for violation of national laws and regulations ;Legal responsibility of food safety has leading function, educational function, punitive function and remedial function;The value of safe legal liability of food has embodied in :firstly, to maintain the normal order of the production and business operation,to protect the lawful rights and interests of the normal operators,to promote economic sustainable development;secondly,to maintain social order of public safety,to safeguard public health and life safety.At the same time,it is on the pursuit of value of justice and fairness.In part two,the author has commented on and analysed the food safety system of Germany ,USA and Japanese.Although their social system and legal system is different ,and with a heavy emphasis placed on the regulation of food safety legal responsibility.But in their own country’s food security maintenance role is obvious.Both USA and Germany attach importance to detailed the laws,"from farmland to dining-table "-----the law coverage of whole journey not only can have an effect to ensure food safety,but also contribute to distribution of responsibility and perform duties of law-enforcing department.Japan is even more emphasis on the scientific purpose ,international and environmental protection of food safety legislation, and take the prevention as the basic principles of legislation.In combination with our specific circumstances and the advanced experience of developed countries,constantly perfecting the legal responsibility system construction.In part three,in-depth analysis of the food safety status of the legal liability system and the shortcomings of legislation,the author expounds from civil liability, administrative liability and criminal responsibility.In the civil liability system, the principle of imputation is not strong operability leading victims of consumers are at a disadvantage by contrast the illegal food producers and sellers , so that the injured party was unable to achieve relief ; Food safety law can not effectively compensate for the liability the victim’s loss, and that laws or regulations of Compensation For Mental Loss on damages provisions rarely, not really compensating the victim’s total losses;Food safety deficiencies in the civil dispute resolution mechanisms need to be improved, the victims are weak, but food producers and sellers have greater advantage in the financial, energy and so on , that is not conducive to protecting the rights of victims.Together with the Court is lack of experience to deal with group dispute leading the rights of victims can not get effective protection and relief;In the administrative system, as "employed against" is easy to make the first characterization of the effectiveness of executive power and judicial power of the final phase confusion, and China’s current administrative law enforcement departments in the rational allocation of administrative enforcement powers of the issue is still inadequate, there Food Safety executive body too principled form of administrative accountability and the accountability procedures are not perfect, so there will be violations of food safety is not in place in the administrative treatment of the problem;As in the criminal system, due to the current "criminal" category of crime for the food safety regulatory lags, the adjustment range is too narrow category of crimes on the food safety system settings and penalties attributable to set unreasonable, leading to food safety involvedtype of crime because the lack of legal punishment or not in place and should be punished by less than to reach the purpose of warning crime .In part four,the author proposes some suggestion to improve the food safety legalresponsibility system,such as:In the civil system,set up the principle of strict liability,combination of the actual compensation and vindictive damage,to improve the civil dispute solution mechanism ;Responsibility system of administrative law will be deprived of the qualification final ruling by the court have the right of return, based on the harmonization of food safety committees throughout the local government under the supervision and administrative supervision departments of the sub-class combination of regulatory control system and perfectadministrative accountability mechanisms related to the legal system;In the system of criminal responsibility, changing related to food safety, crime, criminal law class system of ownership, charges and penalties set to achieve the purpose of punishing crime.更多还原