【作者】 刘润强；

【导师】 马志卿；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农药学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 蚜虫是重要的农业害虫,具有种类多、繁殖快、世代周期短的特点,因此对其防治较为困难。研发高效、安全、经济的杀蚜剂是新农药研发的热点之一。利用昆虫与植物的关系,从植物中寻找杀蚜活性物质,进而开发出高效安全的杀蚜剂,是当前新农药开发的有效途径。本研究以甘蓝蚜、烟蚜等五种蚜虫为供试对象,通过室内生测,从61种植物源物质中筛选出了5种具较高杀蚜作用的活性物质,将其进行了两元混配,初步筛选出了具有明显增效作用的6个配比组合,在制剂加工理论与方法的指导下,结合室内杀蚜活性测定,研发出了6个高效、速效、质量合格的植物源杀蚜环保型乳油。通过大田药效实验,从中选出了2个高效稳定的配方,主要结果如下:1.分别以甘蓝蚜、菊小长管蚜、麦二叉蚜,烟蚜和苹果黄蚜为试虫,对61种植物源物质进行杀蚜活性的多次室内生测。其中,鱼藤酮、烟碱、AF-I、AF-II和AF-III共5种物质对供试蚜虫均具较高的毒杀活性。2.通过对鱼藤酮等5种供试植物源物质之间混配,以烟蚜为试虫,以协同毒力指数(c.f)为指标,发现2个具有增效作用的组合,分别为:鱼藤酮+AF-IV(c.f =21.9942)、烟碱+AF-IV(c.f =22.5504);以毒性比率为指标,结合制剂特点,确定鱼藤酮和AF-IV最终配比为1:20,烟碱和AF-IV的最终配比为1:2。两个配比下的CTC值分别为:315.065和222.5。经进一步的溶剂和乳化剂筛选与研究,配制了ZX-1和ZX-2两个制剂样品。大田试验表明制剂ZX-1 750x液7天的防效都在80%以上,而制剂ZX-2防效不稳定,速效性和持效性均较差。3.对鱼藤酮等5种植物源物质进行混配,其中,鱼藤酮+AF-I(c.f=25.9712)、烟碱+AF-III(c.f=20.9853)和AF-I+AF-II(c.f=23.1727)三个组合对苹果黄蚜表现增效作用。毒性比率计算结果表明,当鱼藤酮和AF-I的最终配比为1:9,烟碱和AF-III的最终配比为1:3,AF-I和AF-II的最终配比为4:1时.其CTC值分别为:313.2051、304.3313、221.4603。结合溶剂和乳化剂筛选,研制了:ZX-3、ZX-4和ZX-5三个制剂样品。大田药效试验表明,ZX-3对苹果黄蚜防效最好,其1500x液7天的防效均达到82%以上;其次为ZX-4,其1500x液7天的防效均达到73%以上;ZX-5最差,其1500x液7天中的最高的防效仅为63.88%。4.以枸杞蚜为试虫,对筛选出的5种具有高杀蚜活性的植物源物质进行混配,协同毒力指数(c.f)测定表明:鱼藤酮+AF-IV(c.f=21.3324)、烟碱+AF-I(c.f=20.895)为2个具有增效作用的组合;以毒性比率为指标,确定鱼藤酮和AF-IV最终配比为1:20,烟碱和AF-I的最终配比为9:1;其CTC值分别为:416.0293和212.2806。通过溶剂和乳化剂筛选与研究,配制了ZX-1和ZX-6两个制剂样品。大田试验结果表明,ZX-1对枸杞蚜防效最佳,其800x液1～7天的防效都在73%以上,第7天的防效达80.12%;而ZX-6速效性和持效性均比ZX-1差。5.通过上述研究,得到了ZX-1和ZX-3两个高效、稳定、质量合格的植物源杀蚜环保型乳油。其中ZX-1对枸杞蚜及烟蚜具较好防效,ZX-3对苹果黄蚜具较好防效。更多还原

【Abstract】 Aphid, as one kind of destructive pest in agricultural production, is difficult to prevent and control due to the great kinds, rapid reproduction and short growth period. Nowadays, with the increasing consciousness of people’s environmental protection, discovering highly effective eco-friendly and economic new-style pesticides is a increasingly heated topic. Finding out many more kinds of efficient botanical pesticide is an effective way.According to result of bioassay, 5 kinds of highly active substances to 5 aphids(cabbage aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, black wheat aphid,myzus persicae,and Aphis pomi) were selected by indoor bioassay out of the 61 kinds of botanical extracts. Moreover, the 5 kinds of plant extracts were combined and the results showed 6 combinations with siginificantly coordinate synergism to aphid. Then, under the instructing of formulation technique, 6 kinds of eco-friendly botanical aphicides were obtained.Last, two kinds of formulas for futher study. The main results are following:1. According to the result of bioassay to cabbage aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, black wheat aphid,myzus persicae,and Aphis pomi; rotenone, nicotine, AF-I, AF-II and AF-III showed high aphicidal activity from 61 kinds of botanical substances.2. 5 kinds of plant extracts, rotenone, nicotine, AF-III and AF-II and AF-IV,were combined and the results showed that the combination of rotenone + turpentine oil(c.f =21.9942)and nicotine + oil of turpentine(c.f =22.5504)had coordinate synergism to aphid by qualitative analysis of co-toxicity coefficient. Thus, the optimum ratio of combinations were 1:20 and 1:2, respectively by quantitative determination of co-toxicity factor. AndCTC values were 315.065 and 222.5. The results of field efficacy trail demonstrated ZX-1 was confirmed as high effency formula, with the protection ratio more than 80% after 7 days, however, the protection ratio of ZX-2 was poor.3. 5 kinds of plant extracts, rotenone,nicotine,AF-I,AF-II and AF-III were combined and the results showed that the combination of rotenone +AF-I(c.f=25.9712), nicotine +AF-III(c.f=20.9853)and AF-I+AF-II(c.f=23.1727)had coordinate synergism to Aphis pomi by qualitative analysis of co-toxicity coefficient. Thus, the optimum ratio of combinationa were 1:9, 1:3 and 4:1, respectively by quantitative determination of co-toxicity factor. In addition, CTC values were 313.2051, 304.3313 and 221.4603. The results of field efficacy trail demonstrated the protection ratio of formulas ZX-3 was best in 3 preparation and were more than 82% in 7 days after diluted into 1500x. The protection ratio of formulas ZX-4 and ZX-5 is more than 73% and 63.88% at most in 7 days after diluted into 1500x.4. 5 kinds of selected plant extracts were combined and the results showed that the combination of rotenone and AF-IV(c.f=21.3324), nicotine and AF-I(c.f=20.895)had coordinate synergism to Aphis sp. By qualitative analysis of co-toxicity coefficient.Thus, the optimum ratio of combinationa were 1:20 and 9:1,respectively, by quantitative determination of co-toxicity factor. In addition,CTC were 416.0293 and 212.2806. Two kinds of formulas, ZX-3、ZX-4 and ZX-5 were required and the test in field revealed the protection ratio of ZX-1 were more than 73% in 7days and after that,reaching to 80.12%.Both of swift and durable effect of ZX-6 is worse than that of ZX-1.5.After this study, two kinds of formulas ZX-1 and ZX-3 were obtained as high effective,stable and qualitative eco-friendly botanical aphicide. The protection ratio of ZX-1 is fairly good to aphis sp and tobacco aphid, while that of aphis pomi is preferable.更多还原