【作者】 贾佩丰；

【导师】 袁吉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 我国优秀运动员的培养关系着我国竞技体育人才的可持续性发展的未来,是我国体育界面临的重大课题。对于体育人才的可持续性发展,广大体育工作者对体育人才的培养模式、制度、机制等问题的相关研究越来越多。面对国内体育界观赏性不强的运动项目运动员培养青黄不接,以及运动员培养模式的激烈争论和改革,以及我国体育产业如何健康发展,作为体育工作者希望能够提供更好的建议和思路来应对我国体育的现状,探索优秀运动员培养模式的科学道路,探索提高国民体质和体育市场、体育产业健康发展的途径。对于体育人才的可持续性发展,世界体育强国优秀运动员的培养模式是怎样的,是以什么样的方式运行就是论文所研究的问题。希望通过本次研究找出世界体育强国优秀运动员的培养模式。笔者运用文献资料法查阅了1994年以来有关世界体育强国、优秀运动员、培养模式等方面的论著、研究成果等;国内外报刊上正式发表的有关运动员培养模式文章;访问中国体育网以及国家体育总局、新华网、各国奥委会官方网站和世界奥运会官方网站等网站。收集世界体育强国运动员培养的有关资料和研究成果,广泛地查阅相关资料,为本文的研究提供依据。运用归纳、演绎、类比、综合等逻辑分析方法,对资料进行分析探讨。根据查阅的相关文献资料进行比较研究,分析世界体育强国优秀运动员培养模式,包括优秀运动员培养体系、队伍建设等方面,并与各国的优秀运动员培养模式进行比较,研究两者间的异同点和优缺点,为优化我国优秀运动员培养模式提供参考。在整理分析资料后,总结归纳特点、特征、特性,对系统要素进行综合分析,找出解决问题的可行方案的方法。在研究过程中为了确定研究对象,笔者对体育强国做出了研究假设――世界体育强国的最明显的表现是具有很高的竞技水平,其次高竞技水平应该是由一个科学发展、稳定繁荣体育环境或体育市场来支持,最终表现应该是国家体育人口的数量、质量的增加,国民体质的增强和提高。并阐述了笔者对体育强国的认识,既世界体育强国应该是国民身体素质健康强壮,并不断提高,能够积极参与体育运动,拥有规范繁荣的体育市场,具有较高的体育竞技水平,体育设施场地充足。通过对资料的分析和整理,可以看出世界体育强国优秀运动员培养模式在向着学院化、俱乐部化、职业化方向发展,但国家投入也仍然存在各个体育强国中,说明在抓好优秀运动员培养的同时,国家的投入要分清层面,对有利于开展群众体育的竞技项目只监管不参与。对国民不感兴趣的竞技项目国家要科学管理,合理投入。市场主导政府监管的学院培养模式、俱乐部培养模式以及职业化培养模式有利于群众体育的开展,体育人口的增加;有利于体育市场的成熟,体育产业的发展;有利于国家竞技水平的提高,人民体育素养的增强。由于市场主导政府监管下的培养机构选拔严禁,所以优秀运动员成材率高,运动员社会定位合理且综合能力较强,合理分流各层次运动员,大大节省国家资金、人力、物力的投入,减轻政府负担。是体育强国优秀运动员科学的、合理的培养模式,是未来优秀运动员培养模式的发展趋势。政府主导的体校培养模式、军队培养模式、政府部门从属俱乐部培养模式,可迅速集中资源培养优秀运动员、快速提高竞技水平。政府可以集中有效资源有计划、有目标进行培养,培养机构比较稳定。但政府人力、物力、资金投入较大,在管理方面也容易出现漏洞。在培养选拔上投入较大,但运动员成才人数有限,各层次运动员分流情况不理想。由于政府一手抓,体育产业、体育市场难以形成,不利于体育事业长期发展。政府主导的各培养模式是有效的立竿见影的模式,但投入较大,能调动的资源还是有限的。更多还原

【Abstract】 A significant task facing the Chinese professional sports workers, the cultivation of elite athletes concerns the continuity of the national athletic talents in the future. Recently more and more studies are carried on in this field concerning the athlete cultivation mode and system. Nowadays, the Chinese professional sports training is bothered by shortage of younger athletes who are supposed to take over from older ones. The athlete cultivation system is also in course of reform in company with heated debate. How to maintain a healthy growth of national sports industry, enhance the physique of the nationals, and boost the sports market is a question to Chinese sports workers. I hope to provide my suggestion and ideas in this matter, to cope with the status quo of Chinese sports. In this thesis, I will give an exploration on what the elite athlete cultivation mode is like and how is it operating in world sports powers, and I hope to find the answer in this study.I have referred to plenty of works and researches dating from 1994 about the elite athlete cultivation mode of world sports powers, and consulted related thesis formally publicized on domestic and foreign newspapers and magazines, and searched online for materials by visiting websites including chinasport.com, xinhua.com, and official websites of General Administration of Sports of China, IOC and IOC in the countries. These collections of data and publications provide basis for this thesis. Induction, deduction, analogy, comprehensive analysis and other logical analysis methods are also adopted in the discussion. With help of such documents, I made an exploration of elite athlete cultivation mode in world sports powers including system building and team development etc., exercised a cross-country comparison, summarized similarities and differences, merits and drawbacks, which I hope to serve as reference for the improvement of elite athlete cultivation mode in our country. I also summed up many characteristics by comprehensive survey and provided feasible solution to the problem.During the research, I have made a tentative assumption that the most obvious manifestation of a sport superpower is high performance of competitiveness, supported by a scientifically-developed, stable and prosperous sporting environment and sport market, which ultimately result in the growth of national sport population, and improvement of people’s physical condition.The thesis also states the author’s understanding about what is sport superpower. A sport superpower should enjoy not only physically strong people, but also enthusiasm of sport participation, well-regulated and flourishing sport market, and adequate sporting facilities.According to my study on the materials I collected, the cultivation mode of elite athlete in sport superpowers is in a trend of more academic, professional and being organized in the form of clubs. On the other hand, the state investment in sports is arranged more specifically. For the athletic items that enjoy much public popularity, the government supervises more and gets involved less; but for the athletic items that are not favored very much by the people, the government emphasizes scientific management and investment.The academic cultivation mode oriented by market and regulated by government, the cultivation mode organized by clubs, and the professionalized cultivation mode are all helpful to the development of mass sport, the growth of sporting population, the maturity of sport market, the development of sport industry, the raising of athletic competitiveness and the improvement of people’s health. Under such cultivating system, the selection is strict, and the yield ratio of elite athlete is high. A individual athlete is positioned appropriately in the society, and comprehensively developed. Athletes with different achievements can have choices of living, while the government can save state funds, manpower and material inputs, bearing less burden. I think this mode is scientific and reasonable, and represents the trend of future development.The government-led sports school cultivation mode, the military cultivation mode, the government-attached club cultivation mode, can concentrate resources rapidly, cultivate elite athletes and enhance their competitiveness quickly. Besides, The government-led training institutions are stable, and the available resources are planned and targeted effectively. However, the government input of manpower, material and funds are large, and loopholes is likely to occur in the management. Large input yields limited talents, and athletes with various achievements can not all have good prospects. In addition, because the government is fully involved, the sport industry and sport market is hard to flourish, to the disadvantage of long-term development. To sum up, the government-led cultivation mode can bring about immediate effect, but it is defective in large input and limited resources to allocate.更多还原