【作者】 吕军；

【导师】 廖晓兰； 王振营； 王忠跃；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 农药学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 葡萄根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira vitifoliae（Fitch）,属于同翅目（Homoptera）,根瘤蚜科（Phylloxeridae）,原产于北美洲落基山东部,只危害葡萄属葡萄;是葡萄上的毁灭性害虫,是我国植物检疫性有害生物,2005年在我国再次被发现。本文研究了5种恒温（16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃）条件下,葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖的情况,室内分别测定了5种内吸性杀虫剂对葡萄根瘤蚜卵、若蚜、成蚜的抑制作用,同时研究了涂茎法防治葡萄根瘤蚜的效果,利用分子生物学技术测定了我国3个地理种群的葡萄根瘤蚜线粒体DNA（mtDNA）COⅠ、COⅡ和Cytb序列,并与GenBank上已公布的葡萄根瘤蚜mtDNA序列进行了比对,初步探讨了我国根瘤蚜的传播来源。主要结果如下:1.温度对葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖有明显的影响;在16℃～28℃范围内,不同虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短:当温度超过32℃时,1龄若蚜全部死亡;葡萄根瘤蚜的世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.14℃和117.88日度。卵至成蚜的存活率随着温度的升高而增加。24℃～28℃是葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖的最适宜温度。田间调查发现,从5月～11月,葡萄根瘤蚜种群变化较大,在8月中旬种群数量达到高峰;9月种群数量随即下降,10月种群数量再次达到高峰。2.室内分别测定了5种内吸性杀虫剂对葡萄根瘤蚜卵、若蚜、成蚜的抑制作用。结果表明:丁硫克百威、乐斯本、吡虫啉、阿克泰、乙酰甲胺磷5种杀虫剂对该虫各虫态均有较高毒性,其中丁硫克百威对卵、若蚜和成蚜的抑制率最高,LC₅₀分别为1.5281mg/L、1.1736mg/L和2.7526mg/L。但采用涂茎法防治葡萄根瘤蚜,供试各药剂对葡萄根瘤蚜的防治效果极差,说明涂茎法不适合用于防治葡萄根瘤蚜。3.测得我国葡萄根瘤蚜3个地理种群mtDNA（COⅠ、COⅡ和Cytb）的基因序列并在GenBank中已公布相关基因序列进行比对,结果表明西安和怀化地区葡萄根瘤蚜差异较小,法国、德国、美国俄勒冈、宾夕法尼亚和华盛顿葡萄根瘤蚜之间的遗传距离为0.2%,由此可知,西安种群与怀化种群极有可能来自于上述某一地方;上海种群与西安种群和怀化种群碱基差异较大,上海葡萄根瘤蚜可能来源于不同地区。更多还原

【Abstract】 Grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae（Homoptera:Phylloxeridae）,is one of the most destructive insect of cultivated grapes.It is native east of the Rocky Mountains in USA,and be found only on vitis vine.It is a quarantine pest of China,which was found in 1935 and was found again in 2005 in China.The development and reproduction of D.vitifoliae were evaluated at 5 constant temperature（16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃and 32℃）,sensitivity of different development stages of D.vitifoliae to 5 systemic pesticides in bioassay and also the control effects of these pesticides against D.vitifoliae by using tree-trunk lacquer method in field were evaluated, The sequence mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅠ,mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅡand mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase b genes of 3 different geographical populations of D.vitifoliae collected from Shanghai,Huaihua of Hunan Province and Xi’an of Shanxi Province were amplified,and which were compared with the published mtDNA sequence in GenBank,in order know where the D.vitifoliae in China come from.The results as follows:1.The effect of temperature on development and reproduction of D.vitifoliae was obvious.The development rate increased with the rising of temperature in the range of 16～28℃,but all the 1^st instar crawlers died at 32℃.The lower development threshold in all development stages and thermal constant was 13.14℃and 117.88 degree-days.The survival rates of egg to adult increase evidently with temperature increase in the range of 16℃～28℃.Optimal temterature for D.vitifoliae development and reproduction are between 24℃～28℃.Population dynamics varies during the seasons from May to November,with population reaching the first peak in the mid-August and then declining, and the reaching second peak after October.2.The sensitivity of D.vitifoliae to carbosulfan,imidacloprid,thiamethoxan, acephate,lorsban in all development stages were high in laboratory and carbosulfan had the best control effect with its control effectiveness LC₅₀ were 1.5281mg/L,1.1736mg/L and 2.7526mg/L for egg,crawler and adult,respectively,but the control effect was badly in field with tree-trunk lacquer method.3.The mtDNA COⅠ,mtDNA COⅡand mtDNA Cytb genes of 3 different geographical populations of D.vitifoliae were sequenced and compared with the published gene sequences in GenBank.Results showed that there is limit difference between Xi’an and Huaihua’s D.vitifoliae and the genetic distance is 0.2%with the populations from France,Germany,Oregon,Pennsylvanian and Washington,it can considered the population of Xi’an and Huaihua’s D.vitifoliae might possiblely come from the same region above;The genetic distance between Shanghai’s population with Iowa or New York are also 0.43%,so the Shanghai’s population might be likely to from different region where that Huaihua and Xi’an’s population came.更多还原