【作者】 耿利君；

【导师】 杨丽艳；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 国际法， 2008， 硕士

【副题名】以法律与政策为视角

【摘要】 本文分五大部分。第一部分是引言,主要介绍全球及我国的能源现状以及研究能源的国际法律机制的重要性与意义。第二部分是能源的国际法律机制概述,对能源的国际法律机制进行概念界定,并分析其特点和意义。第三部分到第五部分是论文的主要部分。第三部分在对全球性和区域性的能源国际法律机制进行定义、分析特点的基础上,对主要的全球性的和区域性的能源组织逐一进行具体分析。第四部分对世界主要国家的对外能源法律机制下了定义,分析了特点,并对美、俄、日进行了具体分析。第五部分在详述国际能源法律机制对我国的影响的基础上,为我国能源相关法律制度的建设提出了自己的建议。笔者在第一部分首先阐述了国际能源现状。认为国际能源的生产与消费中心分离的特征,全球能源的需求增长以及我国不容乐观的能源现状造成当今世界的能源问题,这也使得研究能源的国际法律机制具有了重要意义。之后笔者对本论文的主体部分作了概括的介绍。在第二部分中,首先阐述了其他学者对国际能源法律机制的认识,在此基础上笔者认为,能源的国际法律机制主要是指国际组织和国家调整处理涉及能源问题的国际法律规范、政策的总和。鉴于本文的篇幅,笔者在本文中所采用的能源国际法律机制的概念为国家及国际组织之间对于油气资源的开发、利用与合作的法律规范和政策的总和,以便于本文内容的深入分析。能源的国际法律机制有其自身的特点,这包括:法律规范的软法性特点,与其他法律制度的紧密结合性特点及与国家政策的紧密结合性的特点等。在本部分的最后,详细阐述了能源的国际法律机制对经济发展、政治发展、军事发展的重大意义。第三部分对全球性的和区域性的能源国际法律机制进行了详细的分析。首先笔者认为,全球性和区域性的能源国际法律机制,是指全球性的或者区域性的国际组织、地区内部的及相互之间的关于能源的法律和政策的总和。他具有全球性、区域性及国与国之间的国际能源法律制度共存,以软法为主的特点。国际能源机构、石油输出国组织、八国集团和国际能源论坛是主要的全球性国际能源法律机制的制定者。国际能源机构国际能源机构是世界上最重要的能源国际组织之一,是经济与合作发展组织内的一个独立的政府间组织。其最具特色的是“紧急石油分享机制”,并且实践证明该制度非常有效。石油输出国组织亦名欧佩克,具有自己相对完善的组织机构,在冷战时期具有相当的影响力,但如今其影响力在不断下降。由于石油危机的原因,能源问题也是八国集团的重点问题。其完整的组织协调机制和成员国的影响力使得八国集团的能源政策对世界有着重要的影响力。国际能源论坛的作用在于在产油国和消费国之间建立积极的对话机制,其对能源的经济一体化,能源的国际法律机制的发展有很大的积极推动作用。区域性的国际能源组织也是主要的能源国际法律机制的制定者,均在本组织区域内发挥着一定的作用。这其中包括:能源宪章、欧洲联盟、东盟及东北亚地区。东北亚地区并不是一个国际组织,但鉴于东北亚地区能源问题的重要性,东北亚各国能源合作的可能性及对我国能源供给可能产生的重大影响,因此也对该地区国与国之间的能源法律机制予以分析。能源宪章是能源合作的专门性国际组织,其主要目的与任务是制定具有国际法效力的,尽可能考虑能源出口国、进口国和过境运输国能源利益的,发展欧亚地区多边能源合作的各种实施机制。欧洲联盟的能源法律与政策也是能源国际法律机构研究的一个重点。远在1952年的《巴黎条约》到21世纪的《欧洲能源安全绿皮书》,欧盟在成立前后的能源法律机制相当多,可分为基本法和从属法两大类,但是总体上看,欧盟的共同能源法律政策并未真正形成。东盟的自然地理情况、法律框架及能源资源情况决定了东盟的能源法律机制形成的基础。东盟已初步形成了一套比较完整的能源安全战略,并成立了“东亚展望小组”专门对能源合作进行研究。在东北亚地区国与国之间的能源合作很密切。俄日、中日韩、中俄之间均有合作,形成完善的能源国际法律机制的利弊因素皆有。以至有学者提出东北亚地区可依照欧盟来推进自身的能源国际法律机制的建立。在第四部分中,笔者认为,所谓世界主要国家的能源法律机制,是指世界上主要国家对能源(本文主要指石油和天然气)的国际生产和消费等领域能产生重大影响的法律制度、条约或政策。其特点有二:国家政策与法律紧密结合的特点和能源与经济现状决定能源法律政策的特点。例如美国,美国的能源自然条件决定了美国的能源并不紧缺,但美国的超级大国的地位决定了美国必须要制定、实施相关的能源法律、政策来达到控制国际能源的目的。俄罗斯国际能源法律制度的形成与发展,是与其丰富的自然资源及地缘政治情况分不开的,俄罗斯与美国、欧盟、里海和远东等地区均签署了国际协议来发展自身的能源经济。相与之下,日本作为资源极为匮乏的国家,则对内对外均加强了能源法律机制的建立工作。采取全方位的对外能源政策,与中东、太平洋地区、俄国均有能源方面的合作。第五部分也是最后一部分,阐述了能源的国际法律机制对我国的影响以及对我国能源立法上的建议。世界主要的能源国际组织及主要的能源生产及消费国均与我国有不同程度的密切联系。我国与其签订的法律文件相当多,并且在积极参与相当的能源方面的活动,为我国寻求海外能源供给。笔者结合我国国情及以上几部分的论述,为我国能源法律制度的建设提出三点建议:第一,颁布我国的能源基本法,构建金字塔式的能源法律体系;第二,以国与国之间的能源合作为主,并以此推动我国参与区域性和全球性的能源国际组织。第三,深入参与到重要的国际能源组织之中。更多还原

【Abstract】 Most of this paper is divided into five. The first part is the introduction, mainly on the global and China’s energy situation and energy on the importance of international legal mechanism and significance. The second part is the energy of the international legal mechanism outlined in the energy of the international legal mechanism for defining the concept, and to analyze its characteristics and significance. Part III to Part V is the main part of papers. In the third part of the global and regional energy definition of international legal mechanisms, on the basis of the characteristics of the major global and regional energy organizations one by one specific analysis. Part IV of the world’s major countries of foreign energy under international legal mechanisms defined analysis features, and the United States, Russia, and Japan for a specific analysis. Part V of the International Energy detailed in the legal mechanism of the impact of China on the basis of China’s energy-related legal system and put forward their own proposals.I first described in the first part of the international energy status quo. Believe that the international energy production and consumption centres separation characteristics, global energy demand growth, and China should not be optimistic about the current situation of energy in today’s world’s energy problems, it has made on the energy of the international legal mechanism has an important significance. After the main part of this paper is a general introduction.In the second part, first expounded on other scholars of international legal mechanisms of energy awareness and, based on this author believes that the international legal mechanism energy mainly refers to international organizations and countries to restructure deal with the issue of energy international legal norms, and policies sum. Given the length of this paper, the authors of this paper used by the energy of the concept of international legal mechanisms for national and international organizations for the development of oil and gas resources, and cooperation in the use of legal norms and the sum of policies to facilitate in-depth analysis of the content of this paper. Energy of the international legal mechanism has its own characteristics, including: legal norms characteristics of soft law, the legal system and other characteristics of the close integration with the national policy and the close integration of the special features. In this part of the final, detailed energy of the international legal mechanism for economic development, political development, the development of military significance.The third part of the international and regional energy international legal mechanism for a detailed analysis. First of all I believe that international and regional energy international legal mechanism, it is that international or regional international organizations, within the region and between the two countries on energy laws and policies combined. He had a global, regional and state-to-state energy of the legal system of international coexistence, mainly to the characteristics of soft law. The International Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the G-8 and the International Energy Forum is a major global legal mechanisms of the International Energy makers. The International Energy Agency International Energy Agency is the world’s most important source of energy in one of the international organizations, economic development and cooperation within the Organization, an independent intergovernmental organization. Is the most unique "emergency oil sharing mechanisms," and Practice has proved that the system is very effective. Yiming OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has its own relatively well organized, in the Cold War period have considerable influence, but now its influence is declining. Since the oil crisis of reason, the energy issue is the focus of the G-8 issues. The integrity of its organization and coordination mechanisms and the influence of the members of the Group of Eight energy policy makes the world has an important influence. International Energy Forum is the role of oil producers and consumers in a positive dialogue between the mechanism, and the economic integration of energy, energy of the international legal mechanism for the development of great positive role in promoting.International Energy regional organizations are also major energy the formulation of international legal mechanisms, both in the regional organizations to play a role. These include: Energy Charter, the European Union, ASEAN and the Northeast Asian region. Northeast Asia is not an international organization, but in view of the northeast Asian region importance of the issue of energy, the possibility of energy cooperation between Northeast Asian nations of China’s energy supply and may have significant impact, and therefore the area of energy between states legal mechanisms to analyze. Energy Charter energy cooperation is the specialized international organizations, and its main purpose is to develop a task force of international law, as far as possible to consider energy exporting, importing and transit of energy interests, and the development of the Eurasian region multilateral cooperation in the various energy implementation mechanism. The European Union’s energy policy is the energy law and international legal institutions to study one of the key points. Far in the 1952 "Treaty of Paris" in the 21st century a "European Green Paper on energy security," the EU in the energy before and after the establishment of a legal mechanism, and the Basic Law can be divided into two broad categories of subordination, but generally speaking, EU’s common energy policy has not really legal form. ASEAN geographic situation, the legal framework and energy resources, the decision of the ASEAN energy formed the basis of legal mechanisms. ASEAN has initially formed a relatively complete set of energy security strategy, and set up the "East Asia Prospect Group" devoted to the study of energy cooperation. In the Northeast Asian region energy cooperation between the two countries very closely. Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, China and Russia have cooperation, and improve the international legal mechanisms of energy factors the pros and cons of both. Some scholars have made and the Northeast Asian region, in accordance with the EU to promote its energy international legal mechanism.In the fourth part, the author believes that the so-called world’s major international energy international legal mechanism, it is that the world’s energy (this mainly refers to oil and natural gas) production and consumption, and other international areas can have a significant impact on the international legal system, the treaty or policies. Its characteristics are: national policies and laws and in close connection with the characteristics of energy and economic situation of legal policy decision energy characteristics. For example, the United States, energy and natural conditions decide that the United States is not energy shortage, but America’s superpower status decide that the United States must develop, implement energy-related laws, policies to achieve control of the international energy purposes. Russian international energy law and the formation and development of the system, with its abundant natural resources and geo-political situation inseparable, Russia and the United States, the European Union, the Caspian Sea and the Far East, and other regions have signed international agreements to develop its own energy economy. Phase, Japan, as a very scarce national resources, both internal and external to strengthen the energy in the establishment of legal mechanisms. Take all the external energy policy, and the Middle East, the Pacific region, both Russian energy cooperation.Part V is the last part of the energy on the international legal mechanisms, as well as the impact of China on China’s energy legislative proposal. The world’s major energy and the major international organizations, energy production and consumption in China and both countries have varying degrees of close ties. China signed the legal documents with the considerable, and in the very active participation in the activities of energy for our country to seek overseas energy supply. China’s national conditions and the author of the above part of the exposition of the legal system for China’s energy building put forward three proposals: First, the promulgation of the Basic Law of China’s energy, the energy pyramid building the legal system; Second, the energy between states cooperation based, and thus promote China’s participation in regional and global energy international organizations. Third, deeply involved in the importance of international energy organizations更多还原