【作者】 余文公；

【导师】 夏自强；

【作者基本信息】 河海大学 ， 生态水利学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 水库调度是关系到全流域、尤其是坝下区域生态的重大事件。生态调度必须从河流系统整体出发，充分考虑河流生态环境需水量要求，消除或缓解水库兴建对生态与环境带来的不利影响，从而有利于河流的生态安全和生物资源永续利用。 首先，阐述了河流的三个自然功能和它们之间的关系；当今河流从自然生态系统逐渐演变成由社会、经济、自然组成的复合生态系统；在河流复合生态系统中存在着物质、能量、信息等生态流和价值流；河流中的水文节律对生态系统各要素都有重大影响。 其次，分析了大坝对河流生态流和价值流产生的干扰和影响；被拦蓄的河流对此将产生三级影响变化；河流的生态需水包括：径流量和洪水脉冲二个生态径流参数；水库生态调度要以最大程度保持适宜生态径流过程为生态调度重要原则之一。 第三，水库生态调度应保持天然节律的生态径流过程，以免对各种生物的正常演替造成干扰，而导致生物多样性的减少。本文提出了洪水脉冲的分类：灾害洪水脉冲、生态洪水脉冲：并分别讨论了大坝水库调度对河流的径流节律、洪水脉冲、水温、溶解气体的影响。 第四，分析在水库中设立生态库容、生态蓄水位的理念，对水库的生态调度的目标、概念、原则进行剖析，并对生态调度进行了分类，对生态调度的基本思路和建立相应预警调度机制进行了分析；提出了“生态标准节律河流”调度运行模式，以加强河流生态健康管理，尽量使河流的各种生态灾害或风险降到最低。 第五，根据三峡工程对长江宜昌站和中下游水文节律造成的干扰，研究针对不同水文分期的不同水文节律，三峡工程的生态径流调度应采取的措施与方案。三峡工程的生态径流调度要最大程度地使下泄径流在适宜生态径流区间，避免出现小于最小生态径流而干扰河流生态系统的情况；在枯季采用尽量限制超过最大生态径流的生态调度；在10月份蓄水时提出了主汛期后提前蓄水方案；在洪水脉冲生态调度上，主要有汛前涨水期不能采用均匀放水原则，而要适时地进行“洪水脉冲”式放水，促进四大家鱼的天然繁殖和物种保存的生态调度措施；在生态因子上，对三峡水库的水温变化规律进行了研究，定量地分析了水库的“滞温”和“滞冷”现象，发现水温生态因子构成中华鲟10月份繁殖的限制性生态因子，并用神经网络对下泄水温用进行了模拟。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is an ecology great affair that relate to all river basin and area ,especially to lower reaches of a river of a big dam.From the river system and full considering about the water requirement of river ecology environment, the reservoir ecological scheduling must eliminate or release the disadvantage by building reservoir, make it in favor of zoology safety and forever use of living resources.First, paper set forth the three natures characters and its relations. Then demonstrate the nature river system evolve into compound ecology system combining with society and economy and nature system , there are some material flow, energy flow, information flow and value flow. The hydrology regimes of river impact all the ecology factors.Second, the infection of large dam toward substance, energy, information, and value flow in river is analyzed. The river that impounded will produce third-level change. Zoology flow of river include: gentle flow and flood pulse; reservoir regulating must base the principle of keeping the process of river natural flow to achieve the accord development of human and river.Third, the reservoir zoology scheduling should keep natural regime of zoology runoff, to avoid disturbing that regular succession of various living things, but leading to the decrease of biodiversity. Flood pulse classification was brought forward: Zoology disaster flood pulse, Zoology disturbance flood pulse; and, it was discussed that how dam reservoir scheduling affected runoff rhythm, flood pulse, the water temperature, dissolve gas in the runoff respectively.Fourth, in this paper, analysis the setting up ecology storage and the ecology stage of reservoir, and illustrate the object and concept and principle of reservoir’s zoology scheduling, tried to sort it. At last discuss basis thought and countermeasures of reservoir’s zoology scheduling. Accord to the ecohydrological regime the integration of ecological water requirements can be referred to ecological with temporal characters. Based on the ecological flow regime, therefore, the warning mechanism as well as the regulation and management rules of ecological water use are discussed, which are regarded as flow requirement for river health and decrease ecological calamity and risk.Fifth, according to the Three Gorge Project (TGP) disturbing the hydrology regime of the yichang hydrology station and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, study on different measures and schemes of TGP’s ecology scheduling to the ecological flow regime of different hydrology period. Ecology scheduling must try to make runoff between the fitting ecology runoff area coverage at most, avoid appearing less than the lowest ecology runoff to serious disturb river ecosystem; during low water season , confine not exceed the biggest ecology runoff; at October impounding time advance the ahead of impounding behind main flood season schedule. At ecology flooding pulse scheduling, reservoir must not let water out in uniformity, but make some flooding pulse to promote propagate of the four home fish and preserving species. At the ecology factor, the paper analyses temperature changing of before and later of Three Gorge Reservoir’s impounding water according as equilibrium equation of the reservoirs heat; The result present: there don’t emerge the divided layer of the water temperature in this times ; the change is very small, the outing water’s temperature appear some "lagging warmer temperature" and "lagging cooler temperature", and this change to water temperature at Oct., become ecological limiting factor to the更多还原