【作者】 李安定；

【导师】 喻理飞；

【作者基本信息】 贵州大学 ， 森林培育， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 基于土壤-植物-大气连续体水分平衡原理，以喀斯特区顶坛花椒林地为研究对象，通过对喀斯特区土壤物理性质、小气候环境、自然条件下土壤水分动态变化规律、控制条件下土壤水分的消耗过程、林木的蒸腾耗水量的规律的揭示和评价、林地的生态需水量、林地的生态亏缺水量，并提高造林成活率的保墒配套技术措施。 研究结果表明：喀斯特环境高度异质性，小生境小气候环境差异较大。一天中，土壤含水量随土层增加而增加，最终趋于稳定。石沟的水分状况最好，土面和石槽水分状况相对较差。石槽水分亏缺最严重，土面次之。在枯枝落叶、石面、薄膜覆盖下日变幅的大小分别为石槽＞石沟＞土面、石沟＞土面＞石槽、石沟＞土面＞石槽。连续干旱7天后，土壤水分开始出现水分胁迫。而一年中，土壤年平均含水量和年变幅均表现为：石沟＞石槽＞土面。不同小生境土壤含水量变化存在高墒期、低墒期，且时段不完全一致。小生境水分胁迫频繁发生。在控制条件下土壤耗水过程表明：经连续高温低湿条件后，土壤水分不断降低，其减小趋势为先急后缓，逐渐趋于稳定；土壤水分的消耗与覆盖材料、覆盖程度以及土壤的容积有关；保墒效果薄膜覆盖优于石块覆盖，枯枝落叶覆盖在保水方面较差，但苗木存活效果，石面覆盖下存活率最高，其次是枯枝落叶覆盖，最差是薄膜覆盖。 喀斯特区顶坛花椒在展叶期(3-4月)的耗水量17.66mm、开花结果期(5-6月)为109.01mm、成熟期(7-8月)为44.03mm，其生长发育期总耗水量为170.70mm。而不同小生境，即土面、石槽、石沟，在展叶期(3-4月)内土壤水分蒸发量分别为62.18mm、65.31mm、66.45mm，开花结果期(5-6月)分别为101.95mm、104.3mm、93.56mm，成熟期(7-8月)分别为182.47mm、150.54mm、174.28mm。 在试验区每100m~2的样地内，土面、石槽、石沟三种小生境在生长发育期内的林地潜在生态需水量范围分别在13.996—21.032m~3、3.916—5.462m~3、3.726—5.296m~3，其总生态需水量范围在21.638m~3—31.790m~3；而实际生态需水量为16.135m~3、3.584m~3、4.298m~3，在100m~2样地内，总的生态需水量24.018m~3。生长发育期总亏缺量顺序为土面＞石槽＞石沟。经不同覆盖后，土面和石槽这两种小生境在各生长发育期生态亏缺需水量明显减少了。通过对需水量和生态亏缺水量计算后，确定了喀斯特区不同小生境整地技术及补水技术。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the theory of soil-plant-atmosphere continue water balanced, Zanthoxylum bungeanum var. dintanensis in Karst area was studied in the paper. Through studying physical characters of soil in Karst area 、micro-climate atmosphere、 soil moisture content changing law under nature condition、vapour content of trees、ecological requiring water content of forest land、 ecological shortage content of forest land、 and examination on survival rate of seedling,this paper. Then gave a series of technical measures.The result shows that: Karst environment’s high heterogeneity, microhabitat and micro-climate are very different. During a day, the water in soil increases with the soil thick incleased, bur stables finally. The water condition of stony golly is best, but the water condition of soil surface and stony trough are worse .The water condition of stony trough is worse than soil surface. Stony trough moisture content’s shortage is the most serious, then is the soil surface. Under the litter leaf cover, stone cover and film cover, the day change range is stony trough>stony gully>soil surface, stony gully>soil surfacostony trough、stony gully >soil surface>stony trough .Continue to dry for seven days, soil moisture content begins to stress .But during a year, average water content of soil and year change range shows: stony gully> stony trough>soil surface. Changing in water that included in different microhabitat soil exists, and the time ranges are not very same. The water stress in microhabitat occurs with high -frequency. The course of soil expended water under controlling shows that soil moisture content constantly reduced under the condition of higher temperature and lower moisture, the tend is quick first and slow last , but stables finally. Soil moisture content’s expenditure is related with cover material、 cover degree and soil volume. Film cover is better than stone cover, litter leaf cover in maintaining water is worse. After examining the result of survival rate, it shows that survival rate of stone cover is highest, then is the litter leaf cover, and the film cover is worstZanthoxylum bungeanum var. dintanensis’s water expenditure in expanding leaf-period (3-4m)、 blossom and fluitness-period (5-6m)、and mature-time (7-8m) is respectiviely 17.66mm、 109.1mm、 44.03mm.Total water expenditure in growth-period is 170.70mm. To different micro-hibitat (soil surface、stony trough, stony gully), the soil water vapour content in expanding leaf-time (3-4m) is respectively 62.18mm, 65.31mm, 66.45mm, which is in blossom and fluitness-period is respectively 101.95mm、104.3mm、93.56mm; and which is in mature-period is respectively 182.47mm, 150.54mm, 174.28mm.In experimental region, there are three microhabitats of soil surface, stony pit and stony gully.Range of potentical ecological water repuirement of forestland in the growth of every 100 m~2 are 13.996—21.032m~3, 3.916—5.462m~3, 3.726—5.296m~3 respectively, with a range of total ecological water repuirement is 21.638m~3—31.790m~3.However reality ecological water repuirement of soil surface, stony pit and stony gully are 16.135m~3、3.584m~3、 4.298m~3 respectively, which of total ecological water repuirement is 24.018m~3.Total ecological water shortage in the更多还原