【作者】 张保石；

【导师】 朱明生； 宋大祥；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 动物学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 2002年7月到8月，2003年7月到9月间，在对位于河北北部坝上地区的张北县(安固里淖、赛北牧场)、尚义县(大营盘镇、八道沟)、康保县(阎油坊乡、三面井牧场、新民堡乡)、沽源县(高山堡乡、平定堡乡、闪电河)、丰宁县(大滩镇、鱼儿山牧场)、围场县(机械林场、御道口乡)等具有代表性的几个调查点的蜘蛛按照不同生境进行随机和定量的采集。调查期间共获蜘蛛8021头，隶属于16科62属125种。包括一新种：近莽花蟹蛛Xysticus audaxoides Zhang et Zhang，2004和3种未定种。 首次系统地研究了河北省北部草地蜘蛛的群落结构和多样性。在群落研究方面，主要研究其种群组成特点(优势种、常见种、稀有种、仅见种)(劣旺禄，1999)、丰富度，比较不同群落的结构特点，分析群落参数和优势种随时间的变化；多样性研究上，采用多个参数：丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J)；优势集中性指数采用Simpson优势集中性指数(C)；同时对影响蜘蛛群落组成的主要生态因子进行了分析和探讨。其研究结果表明： 1．狼蛛、园蛛、蟹蛛和球蛛为主要优势类群。 2．将草地分为两个类型：人工草地和自然草地。由于不同的植被类型和人类活动的影响，蜘蛛群落的种类组成和数量差异很大，仅见种较多，环境好的自然草地种类比人工草地多。 3．蜘蛛对微环境极为敏感，生境越复杂，蜘蛛的种类越多，多样性指数越高。混合种植的草地多样性高于单一种植的草地；保护好的天然草地高于过度放牧的草地。 4．人工草地蜘蛛群落的多样性在牧草的生长期间发生变化。在牧草生长的中、后期较高，割草后，多样性指数降低。优势集中性指数与多样性指数呈负相关变化。 5．草地中的优势种主要有印痕球蛛、条纹花蟹蛛、星豹蛛、灌木新园蛛等。优势种的种类和数量随时间的变化而变化。人工草地中，印痕球蛛在7月初数量较多，为优势种。而条纹花蟹蛛在8月份数量较多。割草后，星豹蛛的数量最多。 6．对草地蜘蛛群落的聚类分析表明：草地可分为四类，白花草木樨Melilotus alba、沙打旺Astragalus adsurgens和保护草地为一类，林间草地和湿草地为一类，冰草Elymus dahuricus和羊草Elymus chincnsis种植地为一类，退化草地单独为一类。 7．蜘蛛群落受多种因子(植被类型、气候状况、食物、干扰、空间异质性等)的综合作用，食物资源和干扰是影响群落结构和多样性的两个主要因子。更多还原

【Abstract】 From July to August 2002 and from July to September 2003, investigations of spiders were made in different habitats in prairies of north Hebei. The spots selected for the study are located in the following counties: Zhangbei County (Anguli Lake, Caibei prairie), Shangyi County (Dayingpan countryside, Badaogou countryside), Kangbao County (Yanyoufang countryside, Sanmianjinag prairie, Xinminbao countryside), Guyuan County (Gaoshanbao countryside, Pingdingbao countryside, River Shandianhe), Fengning County (Datan countryside, Yuershan prairie): Weichang County (Jixie woodland, Yudaokou countryside). During the investigations spiders were were collected at random and quantitatively. Totally 8021 specimens were collected belonging to 125 species, 62 genera and 16 families. Among them the species are Xysticus audaxoides new to science, and three remain to be identified.The community structure and diversity of spiders in the prairie of the north Hebei are studied systematically for the first time. Not only the composition character of populations including the dominant species, the common species, the rare species and the characteristic species(Lie W.L.,1999), but also the density of population was analyzed in the community structure research. The change of parameters and the dominant species were also analyzed. In the study of diversity some important parameters, such as richness index, Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H’), evenness index (J) and Simpson’s dominant index were used (C). Furthermore, the main ecological factors affecting the composition of soil communities were analyzed or discussed. The results show:1. The main dominant families are Lycosidae, Araneidae, Thomisidae and Theridiidae.2. The prairies can be classified into two types: man-made prairie and natural one. Difference between the compositions of different spider communities is very large because of the varied vegetations, the human activities and climatic condition. There are many characteristic species in the communities. The natural prairie in well conditions has more species of the spider than the man-made one.3. Spiders were most sensitive to different niches, the more complicated habitats the more species and the more abundant diversities. The diversity index is higher in the prairie of mixed planting than the prairie of single planting. The diversity index is higher in natural prairie well protected than the prairie over-depastured.4. The diversity index was changing with the growth of grass in man-made prairie. Diversity index was higher in the middle and later growth stages of herbage in the pastureland, and was lower after harvesting. The dominant index is in negative correlation to diversity index.5. The main dominant species are Theridion impressum, Xysticus striatipes, Pardosaastrigera and Neoscona adianta etc. The species and amount of the dominant species were changing with time. The amount of Theridion impressum, a dominant species, in man-made prairie was higher in early July; amount of Xysticus striatipes higher in August; and the species Pardosa astrigera became the richest in number after harvesting.6. Based on the analyse of cluster of the spider commmunities in prairies indicate that the prairies can be classified into four typies: (1) Prairie with Melilotus alba, Astragalus adsurgens and the prairie protected; (2) Prairie between woods and wet prairie; (3) Prairie with Elymus dahuricus and Elymus chincnsis’, and (4) degenerating prairie.7. The structure and diversity of communities of spiders appeared to be strongly affected by various factors, such as vegetation type, climatic condition, food, interruption, spatial heterogeneity etc. Among them, food and interruption were two main factors.更多还原