疏勒河流域景观动态变化研究

【作者】 程水英；

【导师】 李团胜；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 环境科学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 景观空间格局分析是景观生态学研究的核心问题。本文以疏勒河流域为例，通过对其景观格局与动态变化过程的研究，分析景观变化可能导致的生态环境问题以及景观变化的驱动机制，为景观生态安全评价和景观规划预案研究提供有效的依据，对流域的可持续发展具有重要的意义。 本文采用疏勒河流域1987年、2001年两期LANDSAT TM遥感影像，借助相关土地利用图、地形图和野外实地调查资料，利用遥感处理软件ERDAS对影像进行人机交互解译，得到该流域1987年、2001年景观分类结果图。把景观分类结果输入FRAGSTATS软件，计算景观格局指数；应用ERDAS、ARCINFO和MATLAB等软件，建立景观类型的初始转移概率矩阵，预测不同步长的类型转移概率矩阵和稳定状态下的景观组成，并定量分析了各种景观类型重心的迁移方向及距离，以此来反映流域景观结构的动态变化。随后，分析了水资源变化对区域生态环境的影响，并进行了景观变化的驱动因素分析。 通过分析表明，1987年～2001年间，疏勒河流域景观格局发生一些变化；格局变化特别是水资源的变化，对流域的生态环境造成一定的影响；人为因素，特别是人口增加以及与水有关的人类活动，是景观格局变化的最活跃、最主要的驱动力。主要结论如下： 1．1987年～2001年间，耕地面积显著增加，草地面积显著下降；流域破碎化程度增强；景观形状趋于简单；多样性和均匀度指数都有所降低，但幅度不大。表明人类活动加强，人工景观的比重加大。 2．1987年到2001年间，耕地主要转向草地；园地主要转为耕地；草地主要转为耕地；林地主要转为草地、耕地；水体主要转为草地、耕地；湿地主要转为草地和耕地；居工地的增加主要来自耕地；草地和耕地成为戈壁裸岩沙地增加的主要来源。表明人口增加，人类活动加强，大量开拓荒草地使耕地面积增加，同时又有大量的耕地因为水利占地、交通占地、居工地占用、土地沙化等原因转变成戈壁裸岩沙地。 3．14年来各种景观类型的重心都发生迁移；迁移距离最大的是盐碱地，其次为草地、居工地和园地；14年间水域的重心迁移与耕地迁移方向大体是一致的。表明人类的主要集聚地以及维持生存的耕地都与流域水的分布相一致，水是干旱区最大的制约因素。 4.Markov预测表明，疏勒河流域2010年后景观变化的趋势是:水体、湿地、戈壁裸岩沙地在逐年减少，其它用地都在逐年增加。当景观变化达到相对稳定状态的时候，园地、林地、居工地略有增加，耕地、草地增加较多，戈壁裸岩沙地的比例显著降低。从稳定状态的预测结果看，水体景观的比率有些低，而戈壁裸岩沙地景观的面积有过高，因此必须对疏勒河流域景观所受到的干扰进行合理的调控，而不能使当前的扰动长期发展。 5.50多年来，流域水资源发生一系列的变化，如水资源量减少、地下水位下降等，水资源分布及利用格局的改变，引发一系列的生态环境问题，如水质恶化、地下水位下降、植被萎缩、荒漠化面积增加等，造成半荒漠化生态景观增加，环境逐渐恶化。 6.人为因素，特别是人口增加以及与水有关的人类活动，是景观格局变化的最活跃、最主要的驱动力。更多还原

【Abstract】 The landscape change is an investigative core in landscape ecology. As a sample of Shule River Basin, research on the landscape change, and analysis on ecosystem environment problem and driving factors to landscape change, and provide the valid basis on ecological security assessment and the landscape planning, and having the important meaning to the sustainable development to the Shule River Basin.With the Landsat TM imagines in 1987 and 2001 as the digital sources, the vector and grid maps of distributions of in the Shule River Basin were derived; the dynamics variation of the landscape in that basin was get on the platform of Arc/info 8.1 and ERDAS; and the forecast on the dynamic variation of landscapes in that basin was executed on the Matlab6.3; and the change of landscapes gravity center were calculated, and the analysis on the influence to the eco-environmental system in relation to the dynamic variation of landscapes; and the analysis on the driving factors to the Landscape variation. The results are as follows:1. In Shule River Basin, the farmland landscapes have increased greatly between 1987 and 2001,while in that period, the garden landscapes, the resident and industry landscapes, the Gobi and Sandy desert increased slightly, and other kinds of landscapes have decreased at any degree, the grassland has decreased greatly. From 1987 to 2001, the landscape pattern has an obvious trend of fragmentation, the Shannon’s diversity index, landscape shape index and fractal dimension index become small. It is indicated that human activities has enhanced.2. In Shule River Basin, the landscapes mainly converted into the farmland, at the same time, the farmland converted into the grassland and the resident and industry land, the Gobi and Sandy desert are mainly from the farmland and grassland. It is indicated that the number of population have increased, and human activities has strenghed.3. the gravity center of all kinds of landscapes have changed at any degree, the change of the landscapes gravity center and the transition of landscape types in fourteen years were calculated; It is indicated that the increase in farmland is directlyto rising in utilization of water resources.4. The Markov forecasting show that, under the condition of the same disturbs between 1987 and 2001, other types all increased in addition to watershed, wetland and the Gobi and Sandy desert; the landscape compositions are irrational till the variation of the landscapes is stable, so the disturbs on the landscapes in the Shule River Basin must be regulated scientifically.5. In the past fifty years, a lot of changes have happened to water resources in Shule River Basin, and lead to a series of ecological environment problem, such as water quality worsening, plant decreasing, and the eco-environmental system becomes deteriorated.6. Human activities, specially in relation to water utilization and population increment, have gradual became the most active and dominant driving factors.更多还原