【作者】 赵平；

【导师】 王天厚；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 生态学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 随着人类活动的增加，崇明东滩自然保护区内已被破坏或改变栖息地利用方式的湿地面积已达到8000公顷，在崇明逗留、栖息和越冬的鸟类也逐年减少。因此，为了保护鸟类，并且提高上海在自然保护和维护物种多样性方面的国际地位，恢复和重建崇明东滩的湿地环境得到国家林业局和上海市政府的高度重视。本研究的定位是为崇明东滩湿地生态恢复和重建工程提供基础研究资料和可行性建议和措施，我们于2002年11月～2003年12月对崇明东滩自然保护区的鸟类群落、植物群落和当地的社会经济状况进行了实地调查。现将分析研究结果摘要如下： 1．崇明东滩春季迁徙期调查鸟类55种，共14068只，密度为47.96只／ha；冬季越冬期56种，共34707只，密度为118.32只／ha。冬季鸟类群落的物种多样性和结构稳定性大于春季。对冬季水鸟在5种类型生境的分布、数量分别做了样带调查，共观察到水鸟49种，总数34504只。低潮带盐藻光滩带有鸟类37种，觅食出现率占整个群落的39％；海三棱藨草外带有19种，占整个群落的6％；海三棱藨草内带有10种，占整个群落的5％；堤外芦苇带有4种，占整个群落的3％；堤内鱼塘-芦苇区有37种，占整个群落的47％。尽管堤内鱼塘-芦苇区的水鸟数量仅占水鸟群落总数的17.7％，但是其拥有最大的越冬水鸟物种多样性和均匀度，说明堤内湿地生态示范区招引水鸟的可行性。对堤内鱼塘-芦苇区选取的四个样方的鸟类群落和相关环境因子进行调查并进行主分量分析和回归分析，春季堤内鱼塘-芦苇区鸟类共54种，4270只，最主要的环境影响因子为底栖动物密度和水面积比例；冬季堤内鱼塘-芦苇区的鸟类共46种，8226只，最主要的环境影响因子为植被盖度和水位。不论是冬季越冬期还是春季迁徙期，堤内鱼塘的水环境、植被、底栖动物、鱼类和人类活动都会对栖息在此的鸟类(尤其是水鸟)种类、数量、物种多样性等产生显著影响，据此分析提出了春、冬季湿地生态示范区水禽招引的最适环境指标和相关改善环境影响因子的建议。 2．鉴于鸟类与湿地植被(尤其是芦苇群落)的密切关系，2002年12月～2003年12月我们分别在春、夏、秋、冬四个季节对上海市崇明东滩98堤外及堤内湿地恢复生态示范区的芦苇群落(Phragmites communis)的生态特征进行了取样调查。结果表明：芦苇是本湿地恢复生态示范区中最典型的优势种，其盖度达到70％，密度最大为211.83shoots／m~2，最高生物量为1783.8g／m~2，是本地的初级生产力的主要组成部分。在2003年6月以后由于湿地生态示范区的土方工程开工，部分鱼塘水被放干，芦苇群落的生产力下降，碱篷(Suaeda glauca)和结缕草(Zoysia japonica)迅速侵入，由此我们对湿地恢复和重建工程中人为干扰所造成植物群落由水生向陆生的演替进行了主成分分析2004年度硕士学位论文摘要:(P CA)，探讨了植物群落的演替机制，证明本地的湿地环境一旦陆化以后植物群落的演替十分迅速，据此我们为湿地生态示范区植物群落的管理措施提出技术性的建议。 3.崇明东滩未来的开发将以生态建设为导向，崇明东滩东旺沙示范区样地的恢复与重建是上海市崇明东滩湿地生态恢复与生态重建工程中的一期工程，结合对崇明东旺沙示范区样地的野外调查，综合运用市场价值法、造林成本法和生态价值法等研究方法，对该样地现有的社会经济功能价值，以及对样地在恢复和重建之后所产生的社会经济功能价值进行了估算，得到该示范区现有功能价值为72.27万元人民币，而初步预计恢复和重建之后的功能价值为7016.95万元人民币。崇明东滩湿地生态示范区在恢复和重建之后预期所能产生的功能价值为现在所产生价值的9 7.09倍，因此重建后崇明东滩保护区的经济效益和社会效益的功能价值是巨大的。更多还原

【Abstract】 As human population increase, the inter-tidal mudflat and salt marshes of the Eastern Tidelands of Chongming Island were reclaimed as large as 8000 hectares during last five years. It results in a decline of waterbird species and population dramatically. The State Forestry Administration and Shanghai Government have given high attention to the issues of wetland restoration of Eastern Tidelands of Chongming Island. Our study is aiming to preserve waterbird and their habitats, which meet the needs of increasing Shanghai’s international image on the aspects of nature conservation and species biodiversity. From the point to provide basical research data and feasible advices or measures to the research of Eastern Tidelands of Chongming Island wetland restoration, during November.2002-December.2003, a study on bird communities, plant communities and socioeconomic status was undertaken in the Eastern Tidelands of Chongming Island. The research results are summeried as follows:1. In spring migration period, 55 species of 14,068 birds was observed in the Eastern Tidelands of Chongming Island, the bird density was 47.96 ind./ ha ; while in winter, 56 species of 34,707 birds was observed in the same area, the density was 118.32 ind./ ha . The species biodiversity and structure stability of winter bird communities were greater than the ones of spring’s. Data on species and habitat preference of winter waterbirds were collected in each of five habitat types from the intertidal mudflat to that behind the sea wall, which we sampled 5 zones by 2000 m X 100 m transactions. The research results showed that 49 species of 34,504 waterbirds sampled in the five zones from the intertidal mudflat to the fish pounds behind the sea wall, 37 species of waterbird appeared in the algae saline zone, the birds appearance frequency of this zone accounted for 39% of total birds found during the survey; 19 species of waterbird located at the bulrush outer zone with 6% of birds found in the winter; 10 species of waterbird distributed at the bulrush inner zone with 5% of birds found; 4 species of waterbird lived in the reed zone outside the sea wall, only 3% of birds appeared in this area; 37 species of waterbird were found in the fish ponds with reed zone behind the sea wall, the birds appearance frequency reached 47% of total birds found in whole area. Although the waterbirds number of fish poods with reed zone behind the sea wall occupied 17.7% of total number of birds counted in the winter, this area had the highest value of species richness and equality index, this indicated that it is possible to attract waterbirds in the wetland ecological restoration area behind the sea wall.Four samples of waterbird communities and correlated environment factors in the fish poods with reed behind the sea wall were analysed by the methods of Principal ComponentsAnalysis (PCA) and Linear Regression. The results showed that 54 species of 4,270 birds was observed in the total samples in spring, the two principal influenced environment factors were the density of invertebrate and the proportion of water area in the total area; 46 species of 8,226 birds was found in the whole area in winter, the two principal influenced environment factors were the cover of plant and the deep of water. Both in the spring period and in the winter period, the fish poods water conditions, plant cover, the abundance of invertebrate and fish in the fish poods, hunman disturbance had distinctively effects on the species, number, species richness of the waterbirds communities. The optimal environment index to attracting waterbirds in the wetland ecological restoration area in spring or winter was put forward by the above results. We also suggested improving enviornment conditions in order to provide better habitat for waterbirds.2. Owing to the relationship between birds and plant communities, during December 2002 -December 2003, we sampled Phragmites communis distributed outside and inside of the seawall for four seasons in the Eastern Tidelands of Chongming Island, Shanghai.更多还原