新疆建省与清廷治新政策的转型

【作者】 兰书燕；

【导师】 彭武麟；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 专门史， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 1884年，清廷宣布新疆建省，改变过去以军府制为主导的治新政策，转而在新疆地方实行趋同内地的行政管理体制。本文通过对建省前后清廷治新政策的形成背景、运作模式、基本形态进行比较研究，探析清廷治新政策转型的历史意义与阶级局限以及边疆民族地方政治体制变革的一般规律。 第一章，主要论述建省前清廷治新政策的形成背景、运作模式及其基本形态。本章认为，清廷重新统一新疆后实行以军府制为主导的治新政策，适应了当时新疆特殊的社会历史情形和时代背景，在很大程度上使新疆地方的各个利益集团之间的关系得到较好整合而趋于暂时平衡，使得新疆地方社会出现了近百年的相对稳定。这种政策实现了清廷对新疆地方的有效政治控制，客观上有利于维护国家的统一和边疆的安全，其基本形态表现为：传统羁縻型、边疆民族地方型以及满洲贵族主导型。 第二章，主要论述新疆建省及清廷治新政策转型的时代背景、演变过程以及转型后清廷治新政策的基本形态。本章认为，近代以后，伴随着清廷内部出现的统治危机，以军府制为主导的治新政策的弊端日渐凸显，打破了新疆地方社会利益关系的平衡状态，逐渐丧失了有效政治控制的功效。清廷在驱逐阿古柏匪帮的过程中，新疆地方的社会利益结构也随之发生变化，原来的治新政策无法使社会利益关系得到较好整合而趋于平衡，加上日益加剧的的边疆危机，迫使清廷革新其原来的治新政策。转型后清廷治新政策的基本形态表现为：直接控制型、趋同内地型以及汉族官僚主导型。 第三章，主要论述清廷治新政策转型的客观必然性、历史意义以及清廷决策主体阶级与时代的局限。本章认为，清廷治新政策的转型，一方面就当时的历史条件而言具有重大历史意义和深远影响；另一方面也具有历史的局限性，没有能够使国家统一与新疆地方自身的发展相协调。清廷将制定既有利于民族团结和国家统一，又有利于新疆地方自身发展的治新政策的历史重任留给了后人。这是历史的无奈与遗憾! 清廷治新政策转型的特点及其局限表明边疆民族地方政治体制变革，不仅必须以中华民族的整体利益为根本出发点和最终归宿，以是否有利于边疆稳定、民族团结和祖国统一为基本原则，而且还应该符合边疆民族地方的客观实际，因地制宜，与时俱进。只有这样，才能保证国家统一与边疆民族地方的发展相协调。更多还原

【Abstract】 In 1884, Qing government declared Xinjiang province was founded,, which changed the traditional policy governing the Xinjiang distract,and made the inland administrative managing system carried out in Xinjiang. By the comparative studies of the reason why the policy formed, the thesis analyzed the historical significance and the limitation of the reformation of Qing government’s policy in Xinjiang, and the general law of the reformation of the political system in the border areas where is also the territory of nationality.The first chapter mainly discussed the background of the reformation, the pattern how the policy was operated and the basic form of the governing policy around Xinjiang province was founded. The policy of Qing government, after Qing government unified the Xinjiang distract again, adapted to the local social conditions and history in Xinjiang, and the background characteristic of times. Owing to this, the interest of each group in local society tend to a balance temporarily, which made relatively stability about a hundred years appeared in Xinjiang. Thus the governing policy objectively was benefit to maintain the state unified and the safety in the border areas. The policy expressed three basic forms: the tradition type, the national borderland type, and the Manchu nobles leading type.The second chapter mainly expounds the evolution and the basic form of the governing policy of Qing government in Xinjiang. In modern times, because of the ruling crisis and the failure of the governing policy for Xinjiang, the Qing government reformed the governing policy in Xinjiang. The basic forms of the policy, after the reformation, were the direct control type, the inland type, and the Han nationality bureaucrat leading type.The third chapter mainly relates the necessity and the historical significance of the reformation of the governing policy in Xinjiang, and the class limitation of the Qing government in formulating policy. On the one hand, the reformation had profound historical significance, on the other hand, it had many limitations. Qing government didn’t finish the mission of formulating the governing policy in Xinjiang that was beneficial to the national unity, the state unification and the development of Xinjiang. It was a historical regret.All of the above demonstrate, the policy the government formulatefor the territory of nationality of the borderland, not only should be beneficial to the borderland stationary, the national unity and the sate unification, but also should accord with the objective reality and keep pace with the times.Only this way could guarantee that the state unification is in harmonize with the development of the territory of nationality of the borderland.更多还原