“就”和“才”的认知比较研究

【作者】 张东华；

【导师】 范开泰；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本文从认知角度研究现代汉语副词“就”和“才”在句法、语义及语用等方面的相似性和对立性，虽然前人对二者的句法、语义及其语用特点已经进行了不少研究，但是目前还没有见到从认知的角度进行的研究。本文将通过认知的视角展开对二者句法、语义和语用等层面的观察和研究，以期更加深入的解释“就”和“才”共时平面上句法分布和语义对应关系。 本文主体部分的结构和基本观点如下： 在第二章中，我们运用不对称及标记理论，研究了副词“就”和“才”在人的认知心理影响下形成的句法的不对称性和标记性特征，依据副词“就”和“才”的出现频率和分布特点，我们认为相对来说副词“就”是一个无标记的用法，“才”是一个有标记的用法，并且通过统计《冰心文集》第一卷中“就”和“才”的出现频率，验证了这一观点。我们根据句法和语义重新把副词“就”分为两种用法，其中“就₁”包括所有的轻音和部分重音情况，“就₂”包括大部分的重音用法，“就₁”出现的频率大于“就₂”，从而证明“就₁”是无标记的，“就₂”是有标记的。 第三章研究了“就”和“才”的基本语义特性，得到“就”的主要语义特性是确定性，“才”的主要语义特性是限制性，我们还运用语法化理论分析了二者语义的历史演变过程，还研究了“就”和“才”的各自的语义背景和相互间的语义关系。 最后，我们对“就”和“才”进行了认知语用研究，认为二者句法和语义的差异是由于受到认知象似性和语用的经济原则影响的不同形成的，并且认知的“有界”和“无界”可以解释“就”和“才”语义和句法上的差异。最后我们还比较了“就”和“才”的预设和蕴含的差异。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, we are mainly concerned with the similarities and contrastivenesses of adverbs "jiù" and "cài" in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Although there have been some discussions on this problem, we will make a further investigation of it from a new perspective of cognitive semantics.This thesis is organized as follows.In chapter 2, we study the syntactic asymmetry and markedness of adverbs "jiù" and "cài" under the influence of cognitive psychology. Through the analysis of the occurrence and distribution characteristics of the two adverbs, it is argued that "jiu" is unmarked and "cdi" is marked. Also, a simple statistic analysis of the adverbs "jiù" and "cài" in the first volume of Bingxin’ s Corpus supports our view. Besides, we divide adverbs "jiu" into two fields,i.e., "jiù1 " and "jiù2 " where "jiù1 " involves both the unstressed "jiù" and some stressed "jiù" ; "jiù2 " includes most of the stressed "jiù" . Our statistic reveals that "jiù1 " occurs more frequently than "jiù2 " , which implies that "jiù1 " is unmarkedwhereas "jiù2 " is marked.Chapter 3 deals with the semantics features of adverbs "jiu" and "cdi" . By using the theory of grammaticalization we study the change of the two adverbs. Also we obtain their semantic backgrounds respectively and the semantic relationship between them.In the last chapter, we study the cognition and pragmatics of "jiu" and "cdi" . We point that the syntactic and semantic features of adverbs "jiu" and "cdi" have a close relationship with language iconicity. Finally, the presupposition and entailment are addressed.更多还原