进化论在近代中国社会早期传播的文化背景研究

【作者】 邢志华；

【导师】 陈蓉霞；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 科学哲学， 2001， 硕士

【副题名】以严复为中心进行的个案分析

【摘要】 进化论(演化论)作为一种科学的理论，它在我国享有特殊的影响。这种理论不仅在生物学并且在哲学、甚至意识形态上都有其不可低估的影响力。这种影响是如何产生的?这是每一个对进化论(演化论)感兴趣的学人所力图解决的问题。而问题的解决方法之一就是进行历史分析。毕竟，历史从哪里开始，逻辑分析就从哪里开始。因此，本文就从文化传播的角度对其进行研究，从史料的考证入手，从科学、哲学、社会学、文化学的角度出发，力图从整体上对此问题给出一个比较合理的解释。希望能够把问题深入一步，得出一些比较新颖的结论。 另外，笔者试图对此问题进行澄清的同时，也对一些和本文关系密切的问题颇感兴趣，并产生了对其进行初步解决的想法。比如：一种自然科学理论进入社会科学领域是如何可能的问题：一种“威权”词汇的产生是如何可能的问题等等。而笔者的目的就是想从科学与哲学、文化、社会等关系角度出发，把科学真正投到以人为中心的社会中去理解，并试图去理解这种文化和为这种文化所化之社会。 本论文分为三大部分。第一部分主要是进行正名。进化一词的原始意义是指通过叙述、显露等方式使知晓，展开之意。从一开始，人们对进化的理解就是把其生物学意义和哲学、社会学意义相混淆的，尤其是在斯宾塞那里。斯宾塞把达尔文的生物演化规律应用于人类社会并加以详细阐述和充分发挥，他提出了代替“自然选择”的词汇“最适者生存”。 第二部分主要是对进化论在近代中国社会的早期传播史研究。最早把进化论介绍进中国的并非严复。但是严复的翻译绝对是一个历史的起点。他在翻译《天演论和伦理学》的过程中，对原意进行了一定的篡改并加注了自己的理解，成了名副其实的“严复的进化论(天演论)”。严复的天演学说在近代中国产生了巨大影响，起到了思想启蒙的作用。但是，严复为什么直到19世纪末会突然对一种进化理论感兴趣呢?笔者发现这和当时的历史背景具有很大的关系。 本论文的第三部分也就是最后一部分主要是探源进化论在中国迅速传播的原因。要对这个发杂的问题进行阐释，就不得不从诸多方面进行分析。在当时中国的历史情境下，这种传播是有其历史必然性的。而进化论就偶然地充当了这种历史必然性。而我国的传统文化和古代社会的科学实践则为这种传播提供了理论契机和物质基础。最后，进化论在当时具有一个“科学”的标签。这个标签在科学日益上升为“威权”词汇的过程具有着其本身不可替代的重要作用。而这种“威权”词汇的产生本身也需要诸多条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Evolution has special influence in our country as a scienctific theory .Its influence on biology, philosophy, most ideology is not underestimated.But how did the infuence happen? Every scholar who is interesting in evolution all wants to solve the problem. And one solution of the question is to analysis from the point of view of history. When all is said and done,where history began,where logicl analysis begins. So this article will study it from the point of view of cluture apread.I will begin from the textual research in historical data,from the point of view of science ,philosophy,sociology and culture, want to give a reasonable explain on the question on the whole. I hope I can penetrate into the question and elicite some more novelty conclusion.On the side,penman tried to clarify the question and at the same time tried to solve the questions firstly which have intimate ralations with the text. For example,how can a natural science theory come into the social sience field?how a power term does happen? And so on. and penman’s goal is to want to understand science through really putting science to society in which person is centre,and to understand the culture and the society changed by the culture,from the point of view of science and philosophy,science and culture ,science and society.This thesis consists of three parts.The first part is mailly to clarafy conception.The word evolution’original meaning is to make know by narrative, exposition, etc, unfold. From the beginning ,people comprehend evolution with the confusion of the meaning of biology and of the philosophy > sociology,especially in Herbert Spencer.He applied the darwin’s evolution to the human society and expatiated ,exerted it.He put forward surrival of the fittest instead of natural selection.The section part mailly studied the transmit history of the evolution in modern Chinese society. Yanfu is not the first one who introduced the evolution theory to China,but Yanfu’s traslation is absolutely a historical jumping-off point.During his translating evoluting and ethics , Yanfu distorted the beginning meaning of the text and noted in his own comprehention,so it became the Yanfu’s ebolution. Yanfu’s evolution brought very important influence to modern China and produced the effect of the ideological enlightment .But why did Yanfu suddenly become intereting in the evolution ? Penman found it had very important ralations with the historical context then.The third part ,ie.the last part,mostly explored the causes of the evolution’s prompt transmit in China. If I want to elucidatied the complax problem,I had to analysis it from many aspacts.In the historical context in China then.the transmit had the historical invialibility.And the evolution acted as the historical invialibility by accident.Our tranditional culture and the science practice in ancientry society offered the theory chance for the transmit.Finally,the evolution labeled by science. The labelhad very important effect that couldnot be replaced,when science became a more and more powerful term.And the produce of the powerful term itself needs many conditions.更多还原