民国时期中小学德育制度探析

【作者】 吕敏霞；

【导师】 黄书光；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育史， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 1912年至1949年，是我国历史上的资产阶级民主共和国时期。这一时期内，战争频仍，时局动荡，教育尤其是德育制度亦不能不因时更替。本文主要从教育宗旨的嬗变及其对德育的影响、德育课程标准、自上而下的德育组织系统和德育管理实施制度四个方面展开对民国时期中小学德育制度的探析。 教育宗旨的嬗变从很大程度上反映了社会经济政治的变化，民国时期的教育宗旨从民初五育并举教育宗旨的初立，倒退至封建复古主义的教育宗旨，继而经历了十余年的教育宗旨大讨论，终于确立了统一的以三民主义为指导的教育宗旨，体现了一个反复的发展和变化历程。这一历程无疑对德育及其制度产生较大的影响。 从德育课程标准的变化表中可以明显地看出民国时期的德育发展趋势和倾向，总的来说是一个因时变革、与时并进的过程。南京国民政府成立后，国民党从训育、军事训练、卫生训练、健康教育等方面开展德育活动，当时的教育者研究和探讨了多种多样的德育教育方法。 民国教育部设有一厅三司，统辖全国教育事项，其中中小学教育及德育事项归普通教育司所掌。省、县、校各级也设有相应的德育行政管理部门，各级中小学校德育活动的开展就是在这样的德育组织系统中开展工作的。 学生自治会、级任制与训导制、分团指导、团体生活训练以及导师制、童子军制是民国时期出现的几种较重要的德育管理实施制度，探讨这些具体德育管理实施制度的利弊得失，对今天的德育实践亦不无意义。 最后，论文力图借助民国中小学德育制度上的一些经验，结合当代中小学德育实践中普遍存在的若干问题作了一些有益的思考。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Capitalist Democratic Republic in China, which is called Minguo sometimes, lasted from 1912 to 1949.During these years, wars happened so frequently that the current political situation was quite turbulent, and the education, especially the moral education system had to change itself because of that. This paper will research on the moral education system of middle schools and primary schools in China from 1912 to 1949 from the four following fields: The changes of the educational aims and their effects on moral education; The curriculum standards of moral education; The complexly organized system of moral education; The management system of moral education.The changes of the educational aims reflected the changes of the social economics and politics to a great extent. In 1912 the educational aim was initially established as Developing All-round Education, which was to emphasizing on citizens’ moral education with the help of citizens’ intellectual education and physical education, and perfecting it with aesthetic education; Then back to Feudal Education Aim in 1915;And finally in 1927 the Educational Aim for Nationality, Civil Rights, and the People’s livelihood was established in the whole country. This was a repeated and advanced course, which would definitely have a great effect on moral education.The tendency of moral education in 1912-1949 could be reflected from the form about the changes of curriculum standards of education obviously, it was an advanced and adjustable one. The Kuomintang had developed moral education from training,military,sanitation and health since 1927 when the unified government was set up in Nanjing, the educationalists then had quested many methods of moral education.During this period there were different educational branches in different regions, which were in the charge of the Educational Department. All the middle schools and primary schools had moral education under different management branches.The Self-government of Students, the Grade-dean System and Training System, Directing According to Groups, the Tutor System and the Scout were several important systems about moral education management. The author thinks they are meaningful to today’s moral education and this paper will introduce them one by one.Trying to have the aid of some experience about the moral education systems during 1912-1949,1 have considered several universal problems in today’s middle schools and primary schools at the end of the paper.更多还原