【作者】 孙红亮；

【导师】 张贯益；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 区域经济学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 诺思是新制度经济学派的一位主要代表，他对新制度经济学的突出贡献是揭示了制度的起源和制度变迁的规律。对于引发制度变迁的诱因和实现制度变迁的充分必要条件，诺思进行了深入研究。诺思认为，安排变迁的诱致因素是期望获取最大的潜在利润，潜在利润是一种现有制度安排结构内无法实现的收益，当预期的净收益超过预期的成本，一项制度就会被创新。 用诺思的制度变迁理论可以较好地解释中国土地收购储备制度的建立。土地收购储备制度最早起源于西方，目的是为了保障政府公益用地或关键行业建设用地。中国土地收购储备制度始于20世纪90年代中后期。经过1992、1993年的房地产热，国家开始大力调控房地产市场，借鉴国外经验，土地收购储备制度被提出，1999年3月10日杭州市政府颁布了中国第一个土地收购储备办法。土地收购储备制度的建立是一场制度变迁，建立中国土地收购储备制度的诱因是土地效用最大化，而引发制度变迁的创新主体是各级政府和土地收购储备机构，其成本从实际运作中看主要由购房者承担。中国土地收购储备制度的主要内容是对城市和集体土地进行统一收购、整理和供应，具体操作由土地收购储备机构负责。在实践中，中国土地收购储备模式主要有上海模式、杭州模式、天津模式、南京模式四种。 中国土地收购储备制度既取得了一定的收益，又存在一些问题。取得的主要收益为：1．大幅增加城市财政收入；2．抑制土地投机，规范土地市场；3．盘活存量土地，解决国有企业转制资金问题；4．改善城市面貌，提高人民生活水平。存在的问题为：1．中国土地收购储备制度的法律障碍；2．中国土地收购储备制度的目标与实际运作的偏差；3．中国土地收购储备制度的资金支持体系不完善；4．对房地产转让的产生了负面影响；5．政府主导型土地收购储备机构担当着双重角色。 通过对中国土地收购储备制度的绩效分析，本文提出了完善中国土地收购储备制度的一些建议：(一)建立健全土地收购储备的法律法规；(二)拓宽 ／迄囱八 硕士学住论文 w MASTER’S THEIS土地收购储备制度融资渠道；（三）科学储备与严格供给，避免过分追求土地短期收益；（四）完善土地估价和土地招标拍卖等相关制度；（五）政府调控与市场机制相结合原则；（六）建立规范的土地收益分配机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 Douglass C ?North is the main representative of New Institutional Economics, whose outstanding contribution to New Institutional Economics is to reveal the origin of institution and the regulation of institutional change. North thoroughly studies the condition of causing institutional change and completing it .He considers that the expectation for acquiring the maximum potential profit, which can’t be obtained in current system, is the reason causing institutional change. When anticipated net profit is more than anticipated costs, an institutional innovation willoccurs.North’s theories of Institutional Change can goodly explain the establishment of China’s land reserve system. Land reserve early originates from the West, in order to guarantee the land for public use and the development of key industry. China’s land reserve begins in late 1990s.After the bubble economy in real estate in 1992 and 1993, China’s government begins to strongly regulate and control real estate market, drawing lesson from the abroad experience, and then establish land reserve system. Hangzhou city issue the first land reserve regulations in China in March 10,1999.The establishment of land reserve system is an institutional change, which cause is maximizing the land effect, and the innovation body who cause institutional change are local government and land reserve organization. The consumers who purchase building bear the costs of the change. The main contents of China land reserve system include unified purchasing, renovating and providing the urban and collective land, and the land reserve organization do it. Now there are four land reserve models in China, including Shanghai model; Hangzhou model; Tianjin model and Nanjing model.China’s land reserve system obtains some profit, and some problems exist in the system. The profit include:1.high increasing city revenue; 2.repressing the land speculations and regulating the land market ;3.making the land circulate and providing funds for state-owned enterprise when it change businessfield;4.improving the city environment and people’s standard of living. The following are problems. First, some defects exist in law concerning China’s land reserve system. Second, the institutional change practice deviates from the goal of China’s land reserve system. Third, China’s land reserve system is shortage of funds. Forth, the system has negative effect on real estate exchange. Fifth, land reserve organization lead by government play dual role.After analyzing the effect of China’s land reserve system, this paper puts forward some suggestions for perfecting the system, which contain: first, amplifying laws and regulations of land reserve; second, making use of funds from various channels to support China’s land reserve system; third, scientific reserve and strict supply which goal is avoiding excessively pursuing the short-term income from city land; fourth, perfecting the system concerning land evaluation and land auction; fifth, the principle of combining government regulation with market mechanism ; sixth, building standard distribution system concerning land income.更多还原