【作者】 黎学基；

【导师】 谭宗泽；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 宪法与行政法学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 在国家与社会关系基础上形成的社会权力,历来是社会学、政治学等学科研究的重要命题。而在法学学科,尤其是行政法学学科,则对社会权力研究并不多见。基于权力、行政权力、社会权力之间的特殊关系,社会权力既是行政法学研究的重要问题,也是研究行政法本身一种重要路径。受这一启发,笔者尝试以社会权力为基点,探究社会权力的不断兴起在行政法中所产生的积极意义。社会权力,其实就是社会主体利用自身独有的资源优势对国家、社会所产生的影响力、支配力、乃至一定程度的强制力。从应然的角度考察,社会权力在行政法中存在两个基本向度:一是制衡政府权力,即社会权力充分制约政府权力的行使动机、运行范围,使其在既定的轨道上运行;二是联接政府权力,即社会权力进入政府权力所退缩的领域,从而实现自身优势。此外,社会权力在促进行政权力社会化、增强行政过程合法化、推动行政活动有效化行等方面也发挥着独特的功能。从现实的维度考察,社会权力在行政法体系中,其运作主体主要是非政府组织。这些非政府组织通过公众参与等一系列政府与社会沟通机制,共同处理社会公共事务,实现公共利益。通过考察行政法的发展史可以发现,在行政法发展初期,社会权力与行政权力是“权即国家”的关系,社会权力没有对行政法产生影响,从而形成了管制型的行政法律秩序;在行政法发展中期,社会权力与行政权力是“相互分化”的关系,社会权力对行政法产生了一定的影响,从而形成了回应型的行政法律秩序;在当前行政法发展时期,社会权力与行政权力是“权力平衡”的关系,社会权力对行政法产生巨大影响,从而形成整合型的行政法律秩序。社会权力的不断兴起,有力地促进了行政法结构的变迁与发展。在理念方面,社会权力的勃兴促进了善治作为行政法新理念的形成:即关注权力合法、公共利益、公众参与、及时回应、程序公正、责任追究等等要素。在基础结构方面,社会权力的勃兴促进了行政二维结构的确立:即国家行政向社会行政迈进,社会行政在行政法基础结构中成为重要的组成部分。在内容方面,社会权力的勃兴促进了服务行政制度的确立,主要包括社会公共财政法律体系和社会保障法律体系。社会建设成为政府追求的重要目标和任务。在主体方面,社会权力的勃兴促进了行政主体多元化格局的产生。随着社会发展,行政权力开始分化,并向社会公共主体尤其是非政府组织进行转移,使得大量的非政府组织参与到公共行政事务中来,社会公共主体享有行政权力主体性地位。在行为方面,社会权力的勃兴促进了行政私法行为的形成。由于社会权力对行政过程的参与,使得社会权力所具有的社会性、私法性、协商性等特质也融入行政法的公法行为过程之中,行政主体开始有意识地使用私法方式完成公共事务。在秩序方面,社会权力的勃兴促进了整合有序的行政法律秩序的生成,即具有高度的整合性:政府与社会的关系模式,并不是纯粹的政府对相对人的一元轨迹模式,也不是纯粹的社会公民与政府的沟通合作逻辑,而是体现政府主导的、公众有序参与的、政府与社会有效沟通的制度框架。社会权力既是一个历史的概念,也是一个发展的命题。社会权力的勃兴,其巨大的功能与意义,不但体现在行政法的基本理念之中,也体现在行政法的各项具体制度之中,更体现在纷繁的行政法治实践之中。社会权力的发展与行政法的变革,在内在逻辑上具有高度的契合性和统一性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The social power based on the relationship between state and society has always been the important proposition in sociology, political science and other subjects. But the research in social power in law subjects, especially in administrative law subject is rare. Social power, which based on the relationship between power, administrative power, and social power, is not only an important issue in administrative law, but also an important path to study it.Inspired by this, the author try to learn the positive significance generated by growing social power in the administrative law. In fact, social power is the influence, dominance, and even a degree of coercive power effected by the human, who use their unique social resources to the state and society. From the perspective of ought, social power presents in two basic dimensions in administrative law. One is the restriction of government power, saying social power is in full constraints of government power of the exercise motivation, operating range, and established it in orbit. Another is joining the government power, the social power saying get into the shrinking areas of government power to achieve it own advantage. In addition, social power also plays an unique function in promoting the community of administrative power, enhancing the legalization of the administrative process, promoting the effective of administrative activities. From the angle of realistic, the body of social power operation is mainly the non-government organizations. These non-governmental organizations cope with the social and public affairs and finally realize public benefit through a series of social communication mechanisms such as public participation to achieve the public interest.It could figure out by examining the history of the development of administrative law, at the initial stage of development of administrative law, "power is state" is that relationship between social power and administrative power, social power has no impact on administrative law, thus forming the control order of administrative law. In medium-term development of administrative law, "mutual disintegration" is the relationship between social power and administrative power. Social power had some certain influence on administrative law, thus forming a responsive order of administrative law. In the current period of development of administrative law, "balance of power" is the relationship between social power and administrative power, social power had a huge impact on administrative law to form the integrated order of administrative law .The continuous development of social power effectively promoted the change and development of administrative structure. In philosophy, the presentation in concept is, the flourishing of social power enhance new concept of good governance administrative law coming out: which concerned about the legal power, public interest, public participation, timely response, procedural fairness, accountability and so on. In infrastructure, the flourishing of social power promoted the establishment of two-dimensional structure of the executive: the state administration gradually lead to the social administration, social administration becomes to be the important part in the administrative infrastructure. In terms of content, the flourishing of social power promotes the establishment of service administrative system, mainly including community legal system, public finance and social security legal system. Society building became an important goal and task to the government. As the subject, the flourishing of social power promotes forming the structure of diversification of the administrative subject. With the social developing, the administrative power began to differentiate and transfer to the public especially the non-governmental organizations, as the result, a large number of non-governmental organizations involved in public administration affairs, pushing the social public body become administrative power bodies. In terms of behavior, the development of social power promotes the formation of the executive private law. With the social power participating in the administrative process, the social nature, private law nature, consultative of social power mixed into the process of administrative acts of public law, administrative body began to use the private manner in public affairs consciously. In terms of order, the flourishing of social power promotes the integration of administrative law order that is highly integrated: the relationship between the government and the social model is not only the unitary model that government to counterpart, nor a pure communication and cooperation between the government and citizen, while is rather a institutional framework reflects the government-led, public participation orderly and the effective communication between government and society.Social power is both a historical concept, also a development proposition. The significant meaning and huge function of social power not only showed in the basic concept and spirit of administrative law, but also among the various specific systems of it and in the practice of numerous administrative rule of law. The development of social power and revolution in administrative rules of law are with the high degree of fit and consistency in logic.更多还原