【作者】 范红亚；

【导师】 韩来平；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 科学研究活动是以科研工作者为主体的活生生的社会实践活动。作为科学实践主体的科研工作者,其创造力和激情的发挥直接关系到科学事业的发展。国内学者徐端海在《职业枯竭》一书中提出,在我国科研人员属于职业倦怠的高发人群。在常人看来,科研工作是多么神圣和令人向往的职业,他们怎么会存在职业倦怠呢?而他们倦怠的原因又何在呢?由此看来,科研工作者职业倦怠确实是值得深入探究的一个问题。目前国内学者对科研工作者职业倦怠的研究较少,只有对特殊时期特定转制科研单位工作倦怠实证研究以及从心理因素进行的理论研究,而没有对心理变化的更深层次的社会原因进行剖析。本研究从社会学的角度出发,以建制化大科学背景下的政治与科学关系为线索,深入剖析了科研工作者产生职业倦怠的原因,并在此基础上对科研工作者职业倦怠消解之路径做了初步探讨。本文首先以大多数实证研究所采用的Maslach职业倦怠量表为基础,参考相关文献并结合科研工作者的特点设计了科研工作者职业倦怠量表,对河北省石家庄市某科研单位和某所高校中从事科研工作的科研工作者进行了实地调查(发出问卷150份,回收142份)。数据统计软件SPASS 17.0给出的信度系数表明本问卷调查结果具有较高的可靠性。所调查对象在情感衰竭、疏离与自我效能感三个维度上的平均得分表明很大一部分科研工作者存在着不同程度的职业倦怠。为了分析出科研工作者倦怠的原因,笔者在征得所调查对象同意的基础上与一部分科研工作者进行了深度访谈,通过访谈我深刻感受到了一线科研工作者在工作中的无奈与彷徨。在访谈的基础上,笔者分析出科研工作者职业倦怠的根本原因是科学外部与内部权力的不对称。不对称所导致的管理失当,更容易加重科研工作者角色的冲突,因而长期的过度角色压力是职业倦怠产生的直接原因。首先,在当今大科学时代,科学的发展的确离不开政治(这里的政治是指传统科学观下的一种权力运作,包括资源的掌握和分配等)的组织、计划、协调以及资助。但科学作为社会的一个子系统,有其自身发展的规律和运行模式。政治在调控科学的同时要保障给科学的发展提供一个自由的空间,否则政治对科学系统过度干预,就会导致科学系统的变异乃至官僚化。由于科研系统的官僚化,在科学活动的过程中就难以避免“外行领导”、“老人统治”以及“政治寻租”的出现。由于科学系统的官僚化就会难以避免科学评价的人为的非公平因素的干扰以及科技资源分配的不公和科研组织内部的物化管理。而这些因素会对科研工作者的创造力和工作的激情产生直接的影响。因此科研工作者倦怠之根本就是由于科学外部与内部权力的不对称。其次,科研工作者做为“智慧”的化身,他们承载着较常人更大的社会期望值,集多种角色于一身。多重角色无疑会给科研工作者带来身心上的压力。一旦科研工作者在工作中长期处于过度压力下,而得不到有效疏导,倦怠就会产生。因此,科研工作者职业倦怠的直接原因就是角色冲突导致的过度压力。基于以上原因分析,笔者提出解决科研工作者职业倦怠之根本路径是政治与科学保持必要的张力,避免科学系统的官僚化。在科学民主化的前提下,要尊重科研工作者的创造性——人文管理。更多还原

【Abstract】 Scientific research activity is a kind of living social practice, mainly based on the participation of scientific researchers. As the subject of scientific practice, scientific researchers’creativity and passion are directly related to the development of science.In a book entitled as“occupational burnout”, Xu Duanhai, who is the author of the book, proposes that the domestic scientific research staff are a high risk group of occupational burnout. In our view, scientific research works are very sacred and desirable. However, the fact tells us that they have the feeling of burnout. It is very important to know what lead to the occurrence of the burnout and how to eliminate them. So far,scientific researcher burnout is rarely studied by domestic scholars. The existing empirical studies are only limited to investigate the burnout among the staff in a specifc scientific research unit within a special period, and the theoretica studies are mainly carried out from the aspect of psychological factors. While deeper social causes of psychological changes have not been analyzed. In this thesis, based on the relationship between politics and science under the background of big science, we analyze the causes of the burnout among scientific researchers from the perspective of sociology, and offer corresponding strategies and methods to remove the burnout.Referring to Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and considering the characteristics of scientific researchers, we design a scientific researcher burnout inventory consisting of 22 survey items, and then use it to make a survey on the burnout level of 150 scientific researchers from a research institute and a university in Shijiazhang(142 questionaires are returned).The reliability coefficients, achieved by the statistical software SPASS 17.0 , show that the inventory and survey are reliable and stable. The mean scores along three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, alienation and self-efficacy demonstrate that a large number of scientific researchers have the feeling of job burnout with different levels. In order to seek the causes of the burnout, the author makes profound interviews with several scientific researchers on the basis of their consent, and deeply feel the helplessness and wandering of the front-line researchers by the interviews. Based on the interviews, the author proposes that the root cause of scientific researcher burnout is the asymmetry between scientific external and internal powers.The asymmetry can lead to inappropriate management, while the inappropriate tends to increase the level of multi-role conflict, therefore the directional cause of scientific researcher burnout is the occurrence of long-term and excessive pressure introduced by multi-role conflict. Firstly, in today’s era of big science, the development of science is indeed inseparable from the politics, where the politics is defined as the operations of power including control and allocation of resources, and scientific research activities need to be planed, organized, harmonized and supported by politics. On the other hand, as a subsystem of society, scientific system has its own developing laws and operating modes. It is very necessary to offer a free space for the developmence of science when scientific system is regulated by politics. Otherwise excessive political intervention can result in variations and bureaucratismlized of scientific system, and the bureaucratismlized lead further to the appearance of many strange phenomena in scientific system, such as“governance of unprofessional people”,“governance of authorities”and“political rent-seeking”. The bureaucratismlization of scientific system results also in the occurrence of materialization of scientific management, artificial and non-fair factors in scientific evaluation, and unfair distribution of scientific resources. The negative factors affect directly the creativity and passion of scientific researchers. So the asymmetry between scientific external and internal powers is the root cause of scientific researcher burnout. Secondly, scientific researchers shoulder greater social responsibilities, and need to do the corresponding works of multiple roles. This will bring about their physical and paychological pressures. Once they are under the pressures over a long period, and the pressures have not been effectively released, the burnout will be generated. So the long-term and excessive pressures introduced by multi-role conflict, lead directionally to the occurrence of burnout.Based on the above cause analysis, the author proposes that the basic strategies of avioding burnout are to maintain the necessary tension between plotical and scientific and eliminate the bureaucratismlized of scientific system. We should respect for scientific reaschers’creativities under the premise of the democratization of science, and implement human management.更多还原