节点文献
清代民族政策法制化研究
【作者】 许安平；
【导师】 余梓东；
【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 马克思主义民族理论与政策， 2010， 博士
【摘要】 依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家是建设中国特色社会主义的重要战略之一。在多民族国家中,完善的民族法体系是建设社会主义法治国家的前提之一,也是建设社会主义法治国家的重要内容。新时期的民族法制建设应当借鉴古今中外民族法制实践的经验和教训。清朝是中国最后一个封建制王朝,代表了中国封建社会的发展的顶峰。清代的民族政策和民族法集中国历代王朝之大成,是中国民族事务法制化管理的代表之作。清代的民族政策法制化实践过程是当前民族法制建设最好的历史参照物。政策和法律是最常见的两种社会规范,是国家调整社会关系、进行社会管理的有效工具和手段。它们互相配合、互相作用,共同维护有利于统治阶级的社会秩序。政策法制化包括三个方面的内容：一是政策的制度化；二是政策的合法化；三是政策的法律化。政策法制化是实现社会管理规范化和制度化的前提及基础。清代的民族政策发展经历了从不完善到逐渐完善的长期发展过程。其发展过程大致可以分为雏形期、发展完善期、调整期三个阶段。清代民族政策的主要内容是以皇权至上和国家统一为原则的若干基本措施和策略的集合。具体包括高度重视、恩威并施、因俗而治、循序渐进、分而治之、综合管理等几个方面。从清代民族政策与元代民族政策的对比我们可以更清晰地看出清代民族政策的先进性。清代民族政策的实践过程不仅促进了中华民族多元一体格局的发展,而且为后世的民族事务管理和民族关系调整提供了宝贵经验和新的思路。同时,清代的民族政策也同历代民族政策一样,存在着若干的局限性。清代民族政策法制化实践与清代民族政策的发展相对应,经历了形成、发展到完善的过程。经过近300多年的发展,清朝中央政府设立了民族事务管理的专门机构——理藩院,制定了完备的民族法体系。清代的民族法体系,可以按法的阶层分为中央立法和地方立法,也可以分为针对不同民族的立法。清代民族立法以建立和维护国家统一、法制统一、维护封建统治与社会稳定为原则。清代民族立法的特点包括因俗立法、礼法并用、形式多样、及时立废改、分而治之、重视宗教六个方面。清代的民族政策法制化形成了民族事务管理的专门化和法制化，保证了边疆地区的长期稳定与发展,但同时也明显存在着阶级局限性、民族局限性和时代局限性。清代民族政策法制化是对历史上的民族法制管理思想、机构设置、管理方式和民族法继承与发展的结果。清代的民族政策法制化对我国统一多民族国家的巩固、中华民族凝聚力的增强和后世的民族事务管理具有积极的影响。清代民族政策法制化对当代民族法制建设的启示和借鉴作用可以分为两个方面：一是形式方面的意义,一是内容方面的意义。在形式方面,从清朝政府对民族问题的重视看,我们急需改变当今民族工作的边缘化做法；从清代民族法的具体化看,我们应当及时消除我国民族法律政策化的倾向；从清代地方民族立法情况看,我们应当进行民族立法的深化改革。在内容方面,清代民族法运用文化手段来调整民族关系给当代民族法利用民族文化增强中华民族凝聚力提供了有益的借鉴；清代民族法对少数民族上层人士的优待给当代民族干部立法提供了新思路；清代的宗教法制化管理为当代的宗教立法提供了模板；清代民族立法在边疆发展方面的缺陷为当代的民族经济立法提供了反面教材。总之,清代民族政策法制化实践值得我们认真研究和推敲,对当代的民族法制建设具有重要的借鉴意义。
【Abstract】 Building a socialist country ruled by law is one important strategy to constructs Chinese characteristic socialism. In the multinational countries, comprehensive national law system is the premise of building a socialist country ruled by law, is also important content of building a socialist country ruled by law. The new era of national legal system should draw on the experience and the lesson in the historical or contemporary, domestic or international legal system practice. Qing is the last feudal dynasty in China, represented the pinnacle of the development in the Chinese feudal society, Qing Dynasty’s national policy and the national law sets the culmination of the Chinese dynasties, is representative work in legal management of national affairs in china. Qing Dynasty’s national policy legalization practice process is the best history frame of reference to the current nationality legislative work.Policies and laws are the more common of the two kinds of social norms.They are the effective tool and the method in the country’s adjustment of social relations and social management. They complement each other and jointly safeguard the social order advantageous to ruling class. Policy legalization includes three aspect contents. The first is institutionalization of the policy; the second is the legalization of the policy, the third is changing policy into law. The policy legalization is the premise and the foundation in achieving Standardized and institution social management.Qing Dynasty’s national policy development has experienced long-term developing process which gradually improves. Its developing process may divide into the embryonic form time, the development consummation time, the regulatory period three stages approximately. The Qing Dynasty nationality policy’s primary coverage is certain basic measures and strategy set. It is based on the principle of Supremes by the imperial authority and national unification. It specifically includes takes seriously, to use both kindness and severity vulgarly, rule due to customs and step by step, divides and rules, the integrated management and so on several aspects. From the comparison of national policy in Dynasty Yuan and Qing, we can more clearly see the advanced nature of national policy in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty nationality policy’s practice process not only promoted the Chinese nation multi-dimensional body pattern development, and has provided the valuable experience and the new mentality for later generation’s national affairs management and the ethnic relations adjustment. At the same time, Qing Dynasty’s national policy also has certain limitations.Qing Dynasty’s national policy legalization practice equally with the Qing Dynasty nationality policy’s development has experienced formation, development to improvement process. After 300 years of development, the Qing government established a specialized agency of the management of national affairs-National Minorities Bureau, formulated the complete national law system. Qing Dynasty’s national law system can be divided into the central legislation and the local legislation according to classes, but also can be divided into different national legislation. The Qing Dynasty nationality legislation take establishes and the maintenance country unification, the legal system unification, the maintenance feudalism rule as a principle. The Features of Qing Dynasty’s national policy legalization include six aspects, Due to customs legislation, etiquette and used in various forms, timely adjustment,divide and rule, attach importance to religion. Qing Dynasty’s national policy legalization had formed the specialization and the legalization in the national affairs management, had already guaranteed the border areas long-term stability and advancement. But simultaneously also had the social class limitation, the national limitation and the time limitation. The Qing Dynasty nationality policy legalization is the result of inherits and development to the historical national legal system management concept, the organization establishment, the mode of administration and the national law. Qing Dynasty’s national policy legalization has the positive influence to the Contemporary China area’s formation, the Chinese nation cohesive force’s enhancement and later generation’s national affairs management. The inspiration and reference of Qing Dynasty nationality policy legalization to contemporary national legal system construction can be divided into two aspects, On the one hand is the formal meaning, on the other hand is the content. In the form, looked from the Qing Dynasty government’s view to national question’s value we are urgently needed change the national work inferior position. Looked from specific view of the Qing Dynasty nationality’s law, we must eliminate the political tendency in our country’s nationality law. Looked from the situation of Qing Dynasty Local nationality’s law, we must carry on the national legislation the reform. In the content, Qing Dynasty nationality law adjusted the ethnic relations using the cultural method provide us for reference to strengthen the Chinese nation cohesive force for the contemporary nationality law using the national culture. The Qing Dynasty nationality law giving favored treatment to the national minority upper society people provided the mentality to the contemporary nationality cadre legislation; Qing Dynasty’s religious legalization management has provided the template for the contemporary religious legislation; The Qing Dynasty nationality legislation flaw in the border area development has provided the material for negative education for the contemporary national economy legislation.In brief, Qing Dynasty nationality policy legalization practice is worth us studying earnestly and deliberating. It has an important significance as reference to the contemporary construction of the national legal system.