茶洞语的汉语借词研究

【作者】 王怀榕；

【导师】 李锦芳；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 中国少数民族语言文学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 历史语言学中,“层次”指一个语言(或方言)中成系统地存在外语言的成分,外来层次(即借用)是语言接触的产物。语言接触一般是从词汇的借用开始的。对一个语言系统来说,借词既带有源语言的特点,又受到受源语言系统的制约,是融于受语言的外语言成分。因此,借词的研究具有其独特的价值。首先,由于借词是语言接触的产物,通过借词研究,尤其是对正在接触的语言的借词进行研究,可以发现不同语言之间的接触机制。其次,从语言史的角度来说,虽然借词是语言历史比较中被剔除的对象,但由于借词保留了源语言的读音,包含了源语言的历史信息,对此进行研究可以补充源语言发展过程中的某些失落环节。广西临桂县茶洞乡大部分村寨及相邻的两江镇和永福县龙江乡部分村寨两万多人(目前的民族成分多为汉族,少部分为壮族)使用一种不同于周边汉语、壮语和瑶语的语言,经初步比较分析,它是侗台语族侗水语支中一种新发现的语言。这种语言的使用者,我们未发现有族群自称和他称,故暂以地取名,称之为“茶洞语”。与广西的许多其他民族语一样,茶洞语受到了周边汉语、壮语和瑶语等的影响,吸收了大量的借词,主要是汉语借词。对这些借词进行历史层次的分析研究,其意义在于：(1)通过历代借词的语音特点来分析认识茶洞语自身音系的历史演变；(2)有助于了解该地区各历史阶段汉语及其他少数民族源语言的一些特点,了解该地区的汉语方言史和民族史；(3)为同源词、老借词分辨难题的解决做必要的基础工作；(4)为语言接触理论的研究提供有学术价值的参考资料。我们采取沙加尔及其合作者(徐世璇、曾晓渝等)的分层方法,这种方法假设：(1)一个词不同的读音来自不同的历史/方言层次。(2)同音节内部的声母、韵母、声调属于同一个层次。(3)同一个词内部各音节属于同一个层次。(4)一般双音节词比单音节词形成的年代要晚。(5)最早层次以后的诸层汉语-民族语的语音对应词汇皆为汉语借词。这五条假设,第三条需要具体问题具体分析,整体具有逻辑性和可操作性。基于上述假设,我们把借词的历史层次分析法解析为下列几个步骤：(1)确定尽量多的参照音系或语音参照点,作为选择借词及确定层次的依据。参照系可以是任何一种相关的语言(本文涉及到临桂官话、南宁亭子平话、临桂义宁平话和临桂四塘平话等),可以是构拟的音系(汉语上古、中古、近代音系),其中有时代特征的语音变化(产生、消失、变异)对借词层次的确定至关重要。(2)找出尽量多的借词。历史层次分析必须以比较详细的材料为依据,尽可能避免只见树木不见森林的弊病。(3)确定并解释主要的语音差异层次及语音对应关系,从而确定历史层次。具体到茶洞语的汉语借词的历史层次的划分,可分为以下几个步骤：(1)我们先把茶洞语和汉语对应词分为现代和古代两大部分,由于两者对应词中的现代层次和当地的临桂官话非常接近,所以很容易区分。(2)把中古汉语借词和上古汉语借词区分开来。梁敏、张均如、潘悟云等前辈曾提出假设,在古代的西南地区可能存在一个内部比较一致的汉语方言,是平话的直接母语,茶洞语也可能借自这个方言。本文通过茶洞语和桂南、桂北平话的比较,证实了这一假设(见第三章第二节)。我们以桂南、桂北平话的两个点(南宁亭子平话和临桂义宁平话)作为参照系,就能把中古借词和上古借词区分开来：凡是与桂南、桂北平话有类似语音形式的是中古借词。(3)现代和中古层次占了茶洞语的汉语借词的绝大部分,剩下的少量的词,一部分接近临桂四塘平话,我们把这部分词划分为近代层；一部分和“郑张-潘”上古音系统的比较,凡是和它接近的,我们划分为上古层。(4)无法确定的暂时存疑。更多还原

【Abstract】 In historical linguistics, stratum refers to a system of foreign parts existing in a certain language or dialect, which are the results of language contact. Language contact usually begins with loanwords. As a linguistic system, loanwords have the features of the source language on the one hand and are constrained by and become an integrated part of the linguistic system of the target language on the other. So the study of loanwords is of great and unique significance. Firstly, as the results of language contact the study of the loanwords, particularly those from the languages under the way of contact, can reveal the mechanism of language contact among different languages. Secondly, from the perspective of linguistic history, though loanwords are usually deleted in historical comparative study, they retain some phonological features and historical information of the source language, so the study of loanwords can also display some information which used to be some features of but now no longer exists in the source language in the course of language development.Chadong, a newly-discovered language spoken by some 20,000 people inhabiting most of the villages of Chadong Township, Lingui County, and some villages of the neighboring Liangjiang Township and Longjing Township of Yongfu County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is so temporarily’named after their residency as no autonym or extonym is found so far. Preliminary comparative study shows that Chadong should be grouped into the Kam-Shui branch of the Tai-Kadai family.Like other minority languages in the area, Chadong has been influenced by and has thus absorbed lots of loanwords from the neighboring Chinese, Zhuang, Yao and other languages, with Chinese being the main source language. The significance of the historical stratum study of these loanwords lies in:(1) providing a better understanding of the historical phonological change of Chatong through the study of the features of the loanwords at different phases; (2) being helpful in understanding Chinese and other minority languages as source languages as well as the local history and ethnology at different historical periods; (3) setting up the basis for the differentiation of cognates and old loanwords, which are difficult to tell apart; (4) providing valuable first-hand data for the study of language contact.The present study is largely based on the methods in studying stratum proposed by Sagart and his collaborators, Xu ShiXuan, Zeng Xiaoyu, etc., which includes the following hypotheses:(1) The different pronunciations of one word are derived from different historical/dialectic substrata.(2) The initial consonant, the vowel and the tone of the same syllable belong to the same substratum.(3) Different syllables in one word belong to the same substratum.(4) Disyllabic words were usually formed later than the monosyllabic words.(5) After the earliest strata, those words in minority languages that show Chinese-minority phonetic correspondences of various strata are Chinese loanwords.The five hypotheses above are logic and practical as a whole except the third one which needs to be analyzed on a case by case basis. Based on these hypotheses, the method of studying historical strata of the loanwords can be specified as follows:(1) As many reference phonologies or phonetic correspondences as possible should be provided as the basis for selecting loanwords and setting stratum. The reference phonologies can come from any related language (mainly Lingui Mandarin dialect, Nanning Tingzi Ping dialect, Lingui Yining Ping dialect, Lingui Sitang Ping dialect involved in this study), or a reconstructed phonological system like Chinese phonological systems of ancient, mediaeval or contemporary times, of which the phonological change with historical characteristics is of vital importance in bordering loanword strata.(2) Find out as many loanwords as possible. Historical stratum analysis is based on a detailed comparison of the materials and needs to avoid the limitation of "not seeing the wood for the trees ".(3) Set up and explain the main phonological differences between strata and the main phonetic correspondences, upon which the bordering of historical strata is based.Accordingly, the analysis of the historical strata of Chinese loanwords in Chatong follows the following steps:(1) The Chadong-Chinese correspondent words in Chatong are divided into two main strata:contemporary and ancient ones. The contemporary stratum is not difficult to tell apart as the sound system is quite near to that of the local Chinese dialect (Lingui Mandarin dialect).(2) Discriminate the mediaeval Chinese loanwords from the ancient ones. Some scholars such as Liangmin, Zhang Junru, Pan Wuyun, among others, have ever put forward a hypothesis:in ancient time, there might be a proto-Chinese dialect, from which Ping dialect derived and ancient loanwords in Chatong might have come. This hypothesis is proved in this study (see section 2 of Chapter 3) by setting the phonologies of Guinan and Guibei Ping dialects as the frame of reference and then comparing those loanwords in Chadong with them:those with a similar phonetic system to Guinan and Guibei Ping dialects are mediaeval Chinese loanwords and otherwise ancient ones.(3) The contemporary and mediaeval substrata form the majority of the Chinese loanwords in Chatong. As for the rest, those that are close to Lingui Ping dialect are considered as modern stratum and those that are close to the ancient Chinese phonological system reconstructed by Zhengzhang-Pan are marked as archaic stratum.(4) Those that fail to fall in any of the above strata need more study.更多还原