【作者】 李航；

【导师】 沈关宝；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 社会学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在中国城市化进程加速的大背景下,在土地征用的过程中,失地农民与地方政府群体的社会交换逐渐成为国家、社会和学术界所关注的一个热点问题。从学术的角度讲,以往对于失地农民问题的研究倾向于从国家与社会的视角、社会排斥与社会适应的视角、土地制度的视角以及失地农民在征地之后的土地补偿、就业和社会保障等视角来考察,这些研究所取得的丰硕成果对于此一问题的学术推进具有积极意义,但对于在征地过程中失地农民与地方政府之间的交换和互动则研究较少。失地农民与地方政府是两个彼此独立又相互关联的群体,本文选用布劳的交换理论作为分析工具来理解二者之间交换和互动的过程、形式和后果,进而理解他们交换和互动的机制,具有一定的理论意义和现实意义。本文的主要研究场域是辽宁的一个村庄,该村的土地征用所表现出来的失地农民和地方政府群体的交换和互动关系有着与其它地方共通的方面,却也有着自己突出的问题和特点。该村前后共经历了三次的土地征用过程,村中大部分土地已被征用,地方政府的征地决定并不会因村民的不满和反对而停止,失地农民在三次土地征用后获得的补偿远远不及土地的实际价值,村民的户口也并未因土地征用而改变,成为了名副其实的“失地农民”。在土地征用的过程中,失地农民与地方政府的交换和互动暴露出了一系列问题。首先,失地农民和地方政府对于土地的产权到底归谁的问题并没有一个清晰的认识,地方政府的征地行为缺少制约。第二,失地农民与地方政府的交换和互动缺乏主体性,作为弱势一方的失地农民群体,缺乏整体意识,各自为战,没有形成一个足以与地方政府群体抗衡的组织力量。第三,失地农民的内群体成员在与地方政府群体交往并向其流动的过程中造成了失地农民群体的分化。第四,地方政府减少或避免与失地农民的交往和沟通,极易造成二者之间矛盾的累积和激化。第五,围绕着土地征用后失地农民的补偿、保障、工作等问题双方矛盾突出。第六,失地农民在长期生产生活实践中形成的惯习对他们现在的社会适应依然会产生影响。第七,地方政府把土地征用作为城市化主要手段的做法与费孝通、沈关宝先生的城乡一体化设想存在较大偏离。失地农民与地方政府群体的交往是受到诸多结构性因素的影响的:包括两个群体各自的规模和群体成员占据社会位置的数量对交往的影响;与等级参数相对应的不平等对交往的影响;与类别参数相对应的异质性对交往的影响;各种复合因素对交往的影响等等,而失地农民与地方政府群体之间交换和互动的微观形式又是多样和复杂的,本文的意趣并不是对这些形式作逐一的描述,而重在论述这些微观形式对于失地农民与地方政府群体之间社会交换的意义。笔者认为失地农民与地方政府群体之间的交换和互动正是在那些结构性因素的影响与作用下,才形成了彼此的社会交换机制,这种交换机制最终造成了二者之间的社会交换是一种不对等的偏向交换,彼此的良性互动难以形成。更多还原

【Abstract】 With accelerated urbanization in China, social exchange between the landless farmers and the local governments is gradually becoming a hot issue that the state government, society and the academia focus in the expropriation process.As per academics,previous studies in this regard are mostly conducted from perspectives of state and society , social exclusion and social adaptation, land system, compensation after expropriation, employment and social security, achieving fruitful findings that promoted academic research over this issue. However, studies over exchange and interaction during expropriation between landless farmers and local governments are much less documented. Landless farmers and local governments are two separate but interrelated groups. This dissertation takes the exchange theory put forward by Blau as an analytical tool in understanding the processes, forms and consequences of the two groups during the exchange and interaction, to further understand the mechanism by which exchange and interaction take place. This dissertation also carries author’s ambition to make contributions both theoretically and practically.Exchange and interaction between the landless farmers and the local governments at a village in Liaoning Province selected as case study, shares common features as well as its own uniqueness. Three times expropriation takes account of most farmland ,but local government did not put an end to the decision-making in farmland expropriation regardless of the landless farmers’resentment and opposition. Landless farmers lost more than compensation received, and became the real“landless farmers”as there wan not any change to their residence account .A series of issues revealed in the process of exchange and interaction between the two aforesaid parties. Firstly, common definition and understanding for farmland and its property rights were not clearly shown in interaction picture, leaving the behaviors of local government uncontrolled. Secondly, landless farmers are lack of subjectivity to exchange and interact with local government; as the disadvantage party, they are less united as a structured organization to bargain with local government. Thirdly, landless farmers became divided internally in communicating with local governments. Fourthly, that local governments reduce or avoid communications with the landless farmers, easily accumulate and intensify their conflicts. Fifthly, conflicts regarding compensation security and employment were projected. Sixthly, the habitus formed over time by farmers still affects their social adaptation. Seventhly, the way that local governments take expropriation as the way to urbanization, is greatly deviated from urban and rural integration by Mr. Fei Xiaotong and Mr. Shen Guanbao.Contact between landless farmers and local governments are impacted by numerous structural factors: the two parties’scale, the number of social positions each party possesses; inequity against rank parameter; heterogeneity against classification parameter; all the complicated factors. However, the microscopic form of exchange and interaction between the landless farmers and local governments is diversified and complex, so this dissertation does not intend to make description one by one, but focuses on significance these microscopic forms carries in social exchange between landless farmers and local governments.The author believes that it is the influence and action of structural factors in exchange and interaction between the two parties that shapes mutual social exchange mechanism. Such a mechanism eventually causes an unequal biased exchange between the two groups, and that makes it difficult to establish the positive interaction with each other.更多还原