明清民间宗教思想研究

【作者】 刘雄峰；

【导师】 吕建福；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 专门史， 2010， 博士

【副题名】以神灵观为中心

【摘要】 随着社会的不断发展和进步,人类对宗教的认识也愈来愈深化。在宗教的研究中,人们在继续关注“制度性的宗教”(如佛、道教)的同时,那些“非制度性”的民间宗教正日益受到青睐。但由于种种原因,在民间宗教的研究领域,对其宗教思想的研究显然滞后于宗教教派演变的研究；而在宗教思想的研究中,对其神灵(学)思想的研究,更是未能得到充分的重视而鲜有人问津。鉴于明清时期是中国社会中民间宗教的高发期和繁盛期,因此,本文尝试从现代宗教学的角度,以神灵观为中心,结合明清民间宗教各教派的主要经卷——宝卷以及其它相关材料,进行认真解读和仔细分析,分别以神灵谱系、神话理论、救赎观念、伦理思想四个部分依次展开,研究考察了明清时期民间宗教的宗教思想的形成、发展和演变的历史轨迹,对明清民间宗教的神灵(学)思想进行了宗教意义上的全新的探索,从而提出了以下的重要观点：第一,明清民间宗教通过整合的手段吸收、改造和利用各种宗教(主要是儒、释、道三教)的神灵,建立起了一个包容一切的庞大的神灵谱系,以实现“万教归一”、共赴大同的最终目的；和谐平等的“万神殿”,预示着对现实世界等级森严的官僚统治体制的厌恶和否定,同时也给广大信众提供了一个安全温馨的精神家园和思想归宿,以吸引更多的民众入教；万神信仰体系的建立,既增强了信众对神佛保佑能力的肯定和认可,也激发了信徒的自信心和自律心。因为众多神佛的存在与监督,增大了对广大信众的威慑了和道德约束力,为每个信徒的举止言行设定了宗教和道德意义上的评判机构及其评判标准。第二,以“无生老母”为最高创世主神的神话思想,鲜明地体现出了明清民间宗教“以人为本”、包容一切的宗教理念和时代特征,因而这一神话思想在中国社会中产生了广泛而又深远的影响；同时,明清民间宗教诸多教派之“教主神化”的神话,既是其加强教派神圣性的宗教意识的吐露,也是其谋求社会生存空间和权力分享以及力图缓冲与政权制度间的张力的政治“潜意识”的发微。创世神话和教主创教神话的建立还只是为救世思想和行为提供了理论前提,只有将其置于现实的宗教基础之上,这种思想和行为的落实才有了可靠的保障。从神话到“神化”,表明了明清民间宗教的宗教思想体系的渐趋成熟和完成,而其中理性成分的大大增加,也是明清民间宗教各教派之宗教意识水平不断提升的显著标志。第三,明清民间宗教的救(世)度(世)思想,是体现出自救与他救、人度与神度的相互联系性与相互统一性为特征的“救赎”理论。特别是其中作为救世之“工具”的“法船”和“会”,由于其思想渊源的长久且作为一种深深地隐含于人类心灵中的“潜意识”,面对社会危机的降临和现实的苦难,被完全地激发了出来,遂成为了被众多民间宗教教派所接受和流传的“救赎”理念而被付诸于行动,从而显示出了明清民间宗教之“救赎”理念的鲜明的思想特色和强大的艺术感染魅力。而教主所显现的“灵异”现象在宗教救世运动中的基于“个人”和“民众”的双重意义,推翻了韦伯关于中国宗教以“预言缺位”(absence of prophecy)为特色的论断；而图谶预言作为宗教运动之核心的核心,其在明清民间宗教之宗教救世运动中所具有的四项重要作用,纠正了“认为中国没有发展出救赎,特别是全体救赎的观念”的错误认识,同时也证实了杨庆堃关于中国宗教教派(当然也包括明清民间宗教各教派)“都有通过皈依得到个人救赎,并通过普世性救赎获得全体救赎的观念”。第四,明清时期的民间宗教,面对“三教合一”所形成的传统思想,除了受到儒家忠孝伦理观的影响外,其忠孝伦理观中的报恩思想,更多地是来自于佛教的报恩观,并在继承佛教报恩思想的基础上又有所创新。如将“四报恩”发展为“三十二报恩”,同时还将报“世尊”恩和“皇恩”从原来的次要地位摆在了第一位,体现出明清民间宗教忠孝伦理观的鲜明的时代特色。从最高主神“无生老母”的创立到众多女性神祗的崇拜,反映出明清民间宗教对道(家)教“重生(殖)”传统伦理的继承和发扬。同时,众多女教首、女教徒的出现,特别是其独特的专对女性生理痛苦的关怀,又使高高在上的神灵救赎回到了现实的人间关护,显示了民间宗教伦理思想的创新性和超越性。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the social development and progress, mankind are deepening their understanding of religion. In religious studies, people continue to focus on "institutional religion" (such as Buddhism, Taoism), while those "non-institutional"folk religion are growing in popularity. But for various reasons, research in the field of folk religion, religious ideas of its apparently lag behind the evolution of religious sects. In the study of religious thought, its View of gods, but even more is not being full attention and rarely cares. As the Ming and Qing Dynasty Chinese folk religion in society is prosperous period of high incidence, therefore, this paper explores the perspective of modern religion, the view of Gods as focus, combined with the Ming and Qing civil religious sects main scriptures-Baojuan(宝卷)and other related materials, careful interpretation and analysis of each of the gods lineage, myth theory, the concept of salvation, ethics, expand four-part study investigated the Ming and Qing Dynasties the formation of religious thought, religion evolution and history track, folk religion of the Ming and Qing Dynasties thinking of the gods the religious significance of the new exploration, which made the following important points:Firstly, the Ming and Qing folk religion by means of integrated absorption, adaptation and use of various religions (mainly Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism) the gods, built a huge all-inclusive divine pedigree, in order to achieve "the many religions normalization", the ultimate goal of unity in Datong(大同).Harmonious equality"Pantheon", indicating that the real world hierarchical system of bureaucratic rule in disgust and denial, but also to the broad masses of believers to provide a safe and warm spiritual home and thought destination, to attract more people join the church. The God of the establishment of belief systems, not only enhances the ability to bless the faithful on the Buddha’s affirmation and recognition, but also inspired the hearts of believers self-confidence and self-discipline.Secondly, "WuSheng mother"(无生老母)as the supreme God, the Creator, the myth of thinking clearly reflect the Ming and Qing folk religion "people oriented", inclusive of all religious ideas and characteristics of the times, so this myth generated ideas in Chinese society the extensive and far-reaching effects. the same time, many sects of the Ming and Qing folk religion"deified leader"of the myth, both its religious sanctity to strengthen the religious consciousness to reveal, is the search for social living space and power and power sharing as well as trying to buffer system of political tension between the "unconscious" and taken by. Creation myth and the myth of its founding leader of the establishment of just thinking and behavior for the salvation provided a theoretical premise, only to place the reality of the religious basis of the implementation of such thinking and behavior have a reliable guarantee. The Ming and Qing Dynasty folk religion that the religious ideology of the mature and complete, rational elements which greatly increase the Ming and Qing folk religion is the religion of all sects rising level of awareness of the significant symbol.Thirdly, the Ming and Qing folk religion to save World(救世)thinking is embodied self and his rescue of unity with each other characterized by"salvation"theory. Especially as the salvation of the"Tools"and "FaChuan"(法船)and "Hui"(会), because of its ideological origins of the long-term and as a deeply hidden in the human mind in the"unconscious", the face of social crisis and the coming of real suffering and was completely inspired them, have become the be accepted by many religious sects and the wisdom of salvation" idea was put into action in order to show the folk religion of Ming and Qing Dynasties "salvation" idea The distinctive characteristics and powerful ideological artistic charm infection. The leader of the show’s"supernatural" phenomenon in the religious movement to save the world based on "personal"and "popular" double meaning, overturned Weber on religion in China as "the absence of prophecy" for the characteristics of the thesis. Figure prophecy predicted the core of as a religious movement the core, in the Ming and Qing folk religion Salvation Movement, which has important the role of the four, correcting the" Haven’t develop a salvation in China, especially All salvation"Idea of misconceptions, but also confirmed the Yang QingKun on China’s religious groups (including of course the Ming and Qing civil religion sects) "has been through the conversion of personal salvation, and salvation through universal access to the whole concept of salvation."Fourthly, the Ming and Qing Dynasties of folk religion, the face of "syncretism" to create a tradition of thought, other than the Confucian ZhongXiao(忠孝)ethics effects, the ethics of gratitude ZhongXiao(忠孝)thinking more from the Buddhist concept of gratitude, and gratitude in succession based on the ideas of Buddhism and the new. Such as the "four gratitude" development "32 gratitude", and will also "lord" from the original secondary was placed in the first, reflects the ethics of the Ming and Qing folk religion the distinctive character. Lord God, from the highest "WuSheng mother"(无生老母)of creation to the worship of gods of many women, reflecting the folk religion of the Ming and Qing to Daoism’s Thought of "Focus on life and Rebrith" inherit and carry forward the traditional ethics. Meanwhile, the number of female Leader, the emergence of female Believer, in particular its unique expertise in the care of women suffering physical, but also to the lofty spirits of human salvation back to the real care for, show Religion and Ethics Innovation transcendence.更多还原