20世纪60年代中国国家安全政策研究

【作者】 唐金权；

【导师】 刘国新；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 中共党史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文试图从历史的角度对20世纪60年代中国的国家安全进行回顾与反思,通过外交、军事等视角,从中国与美国、苏联、印度、中国台湾之间的安全关系出发,研究这一时期的国家安全政策,并为21世纪的中国国家安全政策提供建议和参考。本论文的理论和实践意义在于归纳总结20世纪60年代中国的国家安全政策。20世纪60年代,毛泽东的国家安全思想主要包括:(1)强烈的国家主权意识;(2)充分的战争准备思想;(3)原则性和灵活性相结合的策略;(4)战争根源来自帝国主义;(5)积极防御、诱敌深入、顶放结合、人民战争相结合的国防战略;(6)妥善处理经济建设和国防建设的关系;(7)关注国内政权的稳固,警惕“党变修、国变色”。20世纪60年代,是中国安全环境最为复杂、国家安全面临最大威胁的时期。中国的防御地区从东南沿海转移到北部,主要防御国家从美国到美苏,尤其是苏联,中国抵抗住了来自美苏的压力。20世纪60年代的中国国家安全的主要特点是:(1)威胁来源是传统安全领域,主要是军事安全,即外敌对中国的军事入侵;(2)主要威胁国家先是美国,后是苏联;(3)国家安全的基本内容,是维护国家的生存安全,维护国家的统一和领土完整;(4)维护安全的手段主要通过加强战备,防止或遏制战争的爆发,争取和平的国际环境。20世纪60年代,中国在外交和军事领域调整了政策和发展方向,为应对巨大的战争压力作好了充分的准备。中国领导人判断,中国有可能将面临一场全面战争。毛泽东放弃“一边倒”的对外政策,提出了“两个拳头打人”的战略,既反对美国,又反对苏联,在国际上建立反霸统一战线。加强了中国同亚非拉国家的关系,改善了同日本和西欧的关系。20世纪60年代后期,中国领导人开始意识到必须同时调整与美、苏两个超级大国为敌的思路,避免承受双重压力。在国防尖端武器建设方面,中国加强了“两弹”、核潜艇等的研制工作,提高了中国国防实力,提高了中国的国际地位。历史经验证明,要想不受制于人,必须要拥有遏制战争的威慑手段、具备打赢战争的实力。20世纪60年代,毛泽东把维护国家安全作为中国的根本宗旨,强敌始终不敢将战火始终烧到中国境内。20世纪60年代,中国在捍卫国家主权和领土完整的战备中,积累了丰富的经验;立足于最困难、最复杂的情况,做好军事斗争准备;坚持人民战争思想;实行后发制人的防御政策。20世纪60年代,面对严峻的国家安全形势,国防动员体制和国防建设进入了超常规发展阶段;发展尖端武器;根据我国不同战略方向面临不同任务的特点,实行重点设防,重点守备。正是由于以毛泽东为核心的中共中央临危不惧,运筹帷幄,积极备战,正是由于中国从精神和物质方面做好了随时准备打仗的充分准备,才有效地遏止了美苏可能对我国发动的战争,保证了中国的国家安全和社会主义建设的顺利进行。20世纪60年代,中国在捍卫国家主权、安全和领土完整的战斗中,积累了丰富的经验。20世纪60年代中国国家安全政策的经验与不足,都是今天我们进行国家安全问题研究可资借鉴的宝贵财富。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper attempts from a historical perspective of review and reflection of Chinese national security in 1960s, study national security policy through diplomatic, military and other perspectives, from security relations between China and the US, the Soviet Union, India and Chinese Taiwan during this period. This paper provides reference for Chinese national security policy in the 21st century. In this paper, the theoretical and practical significance lies in summarizing Chinese national security policy in 1960s.Mao Zedong Thought about the national security in the 1960s include: (1) a strong sense of national sovereignty; (2) adequate preparations for war; (3) the strategy of the combination of principle and flexibility ; (4) the causes of war is imperialism; (5) the national defense strategy of the combination of active defense, lure the enemy ,defense the enemy and let them in, people’s war; (6) handle the economy and national defense construction properly; (7) focus on domestic regime stability, vigilance of party change into revisionism and the national change " color ".1960s is the most complex and the greatest threat period for China’s security environment and national security. China’s defensive area is moved from the southeast coastal region to the north, China’s defensive country mainly transferred from the US to the Soviet Union, especially the Soviet Union. China resisted the pressure from the US and the Soviet Union in 1960s.The main features of Chinese national security are: (1)The threat source is traditional security, mainly military security, that is, military invasion of enemy to China; (2)The first threat country is the US, its second threat country is the Soviet Union; (3)The basic contents of Chinese national security is to safeguard the national survival security, national unity and territorial integrity; (4)The principal means to maintain security through the strengthening of prepare to prevent the outbreak of war and strive for the peaceful international environment.China adjusted its foreign and military policy in response to enormous pressure and prepare the war. Chinese leaders judged that China would face a full-scale war. Mao Zedong abandoned the "one-sided" foreign policy, proposed the "two fists beating" strategy to against not only the US, but also the Soviet Union. China strengthened relations with Asia, Africa and Latin American countries, and improved relations with Japan and Western Europe. In the late of 1960s, Chinese leaders began to realize that China must adjusted with relations the US and the Soviet Union, to avoid the double pressure. In the field of national defense construction, China strengthened the "two bombs" and nuclear submarines to improve China’s national defense capabilities and improved China’s international status. Historical experience has proven, to be not controlled by others, we must have the strength to curb the war threat and win the war.In the 1960s, Mao Zedong safeguarded Chinese national security as the fundamental purpose, enemy never dared to invade China. China accumulated experience in the defense of national sovereignty and territorial integrity in 1960s. China prepared for military struggle on the most difficult and complicated situation; China upheld people’s war thoughts and practiced defense policy. In the 1960s, China faced with serious national security situation, Chinese national defense mobilization system and national defense run into the extraordinary development stage; China developed sophisticated weapons; China practiced key preventive and garrison according to war prepare, because the Chinese prepared ready to fight with the spiritual and material aspects , it guaranteed China’s national security and socialist construction.China accumulated a lot of experiences in defending national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. China’s experiences and shortcomings in national security policy during 1960s are valuable treasure for us in studying Chinese national security issues today.更多还原