【作者】 牛芳；

【导师】 杨小明；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 科学技术史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在当代世界著名的华裔科学大家的光辉名册中,杨振宁、李政道、丁肇中、李远哲、朱棣文、崔琦、钱永键、陈省身、丘成桐、陶哲轩等,他们或因荣获诺贝尔物理学、化学奖,或因荣获“数学界的诺贝尔奖”——菲尔兹奖、沃尔夫奖,而成为人们耳熟能详和广为传诵的对象。但在世界生理学和医学领域,也有一位同样重要但却被人们包括国人忽视而多少显得有些“落寞”的华裔科学大家,他就是国际生殖生理学大师——张民觉。张民觉因其卓越的生殖生理学贡献而被誉为“试管婴儿之父”和“口服避孕药之父”,曾三次荣获诺贝尔奖的提名,是华人在国际生理学和医学领域取得的最高成就者。然而,与以上华裔数学家、物理学家和化学家相比,不仅国人对张民觉的事迹贡献所知甚少,而且国内外迄今尚无关于张民觉科学活动、成就贡献、社会影响的系统、专门和深入的研究,这是极不应该的。本论文是国内外首次关于张民觉生殖生理学贡献的全面、专业和深入的研究,是一次大胆而较新的探索。全文围绕张民觉生殖生理学的研究和贡献展开,以时间为主线,客观、真实地再现了其科研历程。主要内容分为六章：第一章,介绍了张民觉的求学与科研经历。张民觉在国内三十年的岁月,受到儒家传统文化、家族文化及地域文化的影响,形成了一生的人格品质。中学阶段对生物学的浓厚兴趣是他以后进行生殖生理学研究的主体要素；清华大学接受的良好的系统教育成为他以后科学生涯的基础；国外的求学岁月与科研训练为他成为国际生殖生理学大师铺平了道路。第二章,梳理了张民觉精卵生理学基础研究的内容和成就。特别是精子获能、同步化理论的提出,突出了其作为生殖生理学家注重基础理论研究的理念,奠定了20世纪后半叶生殖生理学发展的学理基础。第三章,突出了张民觉的精卵受精实验研究。受精是新生命的起点,标志着个体发育的伊始,张民觉是哺乳动物体外受精实验成功的第一人,多种动物卵子的体外受精及其技术上的改进均创始于张民觉的实验室。他凭着顽强毅力和娴熟的技巧,独自完成了几项精卵受精的经典实验,也标志着哺乳动物体外受精技术的成熟。第四章,论述了张民觉对人口控制技术的贡献。体外受精技术的成熟及应用催生了试管婴儿的诞生,为不孕夫妇带来了福音。同时,受精和避孕是一个过程的两个方面,据此张民觉又发明了成为节育有效手段的口服避孕药。张民觉的研究成果让不育者能育、能育者节育,为世界人口与社会的发展做出了巨大贡献。第五章,阐释了张民觉生殖生理学贡献引发的社会变革。从科学与社会的互动角度阐明了张民觉科学贡献的社会功能以及引发的社会伦理争议。“试管婴儿”的问世,使人类的命运从此由自己主宰；口服避孕药作为人工节育的有效手段,也让妇女从此获得了解放；体外受精技术的成功应用,开辟了畜牧改良的新途径,牛羊遍野不再是遥远的梦。同时,他的科学贡献也引发了医学伦理学、社会学和经济学等多方面的争议。对此,本论文也进行了讨论和分析。第六章,凝练出张民觉科学实验成功的启示。在他一生的科学研究生涯中,兴趣是他科学实验成功的原动力,勤奋执着与机遇是科学实验成功的前提,科学方法是他实验成功的保障,而大胆探索、勇于创新是他科学实验成功的关键。即兴趣、勤奋、执着、机遇、方法和创新,是张民觉作为实验科学家之所以成功的“六大法宝”,这当可以引以为当前我国科技创新人才培养的有益借鉴。张民觉一生致力于生殖生理学实验研究,他的基础理论和应用研究成果都源于其科学实验,直到去世前仍然可以看到他实验的可贵身影。他一生的科学实验都浓缩在其发表的362篇学术论文之中,是弥足珍贵的科学资料和精神财富。无论是理论上的巨大发现,还是技术上的重大突破,均解决了20世纪生殖生理学发展的瓶颈问题,凸显了他的重要贡献。本论文主要采用了文献资料综合分析法、口述科技史方法、结合友邻学科的跨学科研究方法、计量分析的方法、内史和外史相结合的方法,在大量原始英文文献的基础上,系统地发掘总结了张民觉生殖生理学实验成果对生殖生理学的贡献,剖析造就华人生殖生理学家成长的重要因素,总结当今中国培养科技创新人才的某些规律。本论文对张民觉这位生殖生理学巨擘的研究历程、生殖生理学成就、科学方法等展开全面发掘,理清了张民觉的成长轨迹和生殖实验成功的路径,总结了张民觉对生殖生理学的伟大贡献。创新之处主要有以下几方面：第一,首次较为系统、全面和深刻地探讨了张民觉在生殖生理学基础研究中做出的巨大贡献,填补了国内外对张民觉缺乏系统研究的空白,也进一步丰富了国内对华裔科学家系列的研究。第二,诚如一位美国友人曾经所言：“山西有很多寺庙、神佛的塑像,但却很少见科学家的塑像,张民觉博士对世界有巨大贡献,你们应该为他塑一尊像。”2004年在张民觉魂归故里10周年之际,其家乡岚县为张民觉塑了一尊塑像。针对山西以至国内对张民觉了解甚少的状况,本论文对从山西走向世界的科学家进行研究,丰富了山西的科学文化,也充实了山西地方科学史的内容。第三,本论文通过对张民觉成长过程中家庭教育、初等教育、高等教育、研究环境等因素的影响分析,旨在揭示从“山里娃”到“天之骄子”嬗变的必要条件,同时也分析了科学实验研究取得成功所必须的科学素质。第四,张民觉的科学研究造福了人类,也引发了医学伦理学、社会学、经济学等多学科的争议。本论文从科技与伦理的张力视角,给出了关于张民觉何以三次敲响诺贝尔奖大门而终未能入的社会文化思考。第五,透视张民觉成功的因素,探索当今我国科技创新人才培养的新途径。本论文力图刻绘出一位立体生动的华裔大科学家的全貌以及他的伟大理念,即他本人所说：科学必将造福于全世界,给人类带来文明。更多还原

【Abstract】 When we refer to the prominent scientists of Chinese origin in the world, some of them are very familiar, including, Yang Zhen-ning, Zheng-Dao Li, Samuel Chao, Chun Ting, Lee Yuan-tseh, Steve Chu, Cui Qi, Qian Yongjian, Chen Xingshen, Qiu Chengtong, Tao Zhexuan etc. They either won Nobel Prize for Physics or Chemistry, or got the Fields Medal, Wolf Prize for Mathematics, which are called the Nobel Prize for mathematics. In physiology and medical field in the world, there is also an outstanding Chinese origin scientist who is equally important but neglected by Chinese, Chang Min-chueh, the master of international reproductive physiology.Chang Min-chueh is considered Father of Tube-baby and Father of Pill, and won the nomination of the Nobel Prize for three times. He is the scientist who makes great achievements in physiology and medical field among Chinese. However, compared with the Chinese origin scientists above, he was seldom heard of in China, and so far there isn’t any special and systematical research at home and abroad on the scientific activities, the contributions and the social influence of Chang Min-chueh. It is unfair and shouldn’t have been treated like that.It is the first time that special and systematical research on reproductive physiology achievements of Chang Min-chueh, which is pioneering. On the basis of the the reproductive physiology researches and contributions of Chang Min-chueh. According to time masterstroke, this thesis represents his scientific research experiences truthfully and objectively. This thesis contains the following six parts:Chapter one introduces Chang Min-chueh’s experiences of education and scientific researches. Chang Min-chueh was influenced by Confucian traditional culture, family culture and regional culture, which shaped his characters:especially strong interest in biology study at the middle school, which are the essential factors of his reproductive physiology research in the future. Good and systematic education in Tsinghua University provides the foundation for his further science careers. The studying and scientific research training abroad paved the way for him to become the master of international reproductive physiology.Chapter two Sorts out Chang Min-chueh’s contributions on sperm and egg physiology, and highlights the idea that attaches importance to basic theoretical research as a reproductive physiologist, especially sperm capacitation theory and synchronous theory, which established the academic foundation of reproductive physiology development of late 20th century.Chapter three focuses on sperm and egg fertilization experiments research. Fertilization is origin of new life, which symbolizes the beginning of individual development. Chang Min-chueh is the first one who succeeded in in-vitro fertilization of mammal experiment, and the application and its innovation of much mammalian in-vitro fertilization of animals’ egg both originates from his lab. He did several classical experiments on sperm-egg fertilization by himself with his perseverance and proficient skills, which also symbolized the technique mature of mammalian in-vitro fertilization.Chapter four further discusses the successful application of the in-vitro fertilization technique, especially tube-baby’s birth, which brings forth blessings for the couples who either can’t give birth or need birth control. Actually, fertilization and contraception are the two sides of one process, by which oral-contraceptive was invented and become the effective means of birth control. Chang Min-chueh’s achievements make great contributions for the development of population and society in the world.Chapter five illustrates the social function of Chang Min-chueh’s scientific contributions from the view of interaction between science and society, and social ethical controversy about them. The birth of tube-baby makes human beings dominate our own fate by ourselves; oral-contraceptive as effective means of artificial contraception also makes women liberated; the successful application of the in-vitro fertilization opens up the new approach to improving livestock husbandry, and flocks and herds graze everywhere will not be a remote dream. At the same time, his scientific contributions bring about many-sided controversy including machine ethics, sociology, and economy etc, which also are discussed in this thesis.Chapter six further extracts items resulting in the successful inspiration as a prominent experimental scientist. In his science and research career, interest is the originl power of his successful scientific experiments; diligence, persistence and opportunity are the premise; scientific method is the guarantee. Bold exploration and innovation is the key to his successful scientific experiments. In a short, interest, diligence, persistence, opportunity, method and innovation are Chang Min-chueh’s successful "six effective weapons" as an experimental scientist, which can be used for reference to cultivate science and technology innovation talents in our country.Chang Min-chueh dedicated his life to the research of reproductive physiology, and both basic theory and application researches are from his scientific experiments. According to his students, they could still see him working in the lab a few weeks before he died. His scientific experiments all his life are condensed in the published 362 academic dissertations, which are regarded as valuable scientific information and spiritual wealth. Whether his great discovery in theory or great breakthroughs on technology, all the findings have resolved the bottleneck problems of reproductive physiology development during 20th century, which reflects his great contributions.This thesis takes interdisciplinary research method, computation method, integrate inner-history with extra-history. Based on lots of English documents, it summarizes the contribution of Chang Min-chueh’s reproductive physiology experiment achievements in reproductive physiology field, analyses the important factors of his success as a Chinese reproductive physiologist, and sums up some certain regular rules to cultivate science and technology innovation talents in our country.This thesis overall explores research experiences, reproductive physiology contributions, scientific methods of Chang Min-chueh as a giant of reproductive physiology field, and make clear the growth track and the way of successful experiments of Chang Min-chueh. It summarizes Chang Min-chueh’s great contributions to reproductive physiology. The innovations are mainly the following aspects:Firstly, this thesis makes the first systematic, comprehensive and incisive study on Chang Min-Chueh’s contributions in the fundamental research of reproductive physiology, fills the blank of the systematical study on Chang Min-Chueh at home and abroad, and further enriches the study on scientists of Chinese origin at home and abroad study.Secondly, just as an American friend said:"There are many temples, Buddha statues in Shanxi, but few scientists’statues; Chang Min-Chueh makes a great contribution to the world, so you should make a statue for him." In 2004, it is the 10 anniversary ceremony, and people of his hometown Lan County built a statue for him. As far as the poor recognition to him at home and abroad, this thesis studies the scientists from Shanxi to the world, which enriches Shanxi scientific culture, and fulfill she content of Shanxi local history of science and technology.Thirdly, starting from the influential items analysis on Chang Min-Chueh’s family background, primary education, secondary education, and research environment, it aims to discover the necessary conditions of changing from "a kid in countryside" to "a specially privileged person". Meanwhile, it also analyzes the necessary scientific qualities of successful scientific experiments.Fourthly, Chang Min-chueh’s scientific research made benefit for human beings, but it also led to medical ethics, sociology, economics and other subjects of controversy. From the tension of technology and ethics perspective, this thesis gave the public social and cultural thinking of how Chang Min-chueh was nominated the Nobel Prize three times and finally not accepted.Fifthly, this thesis discusses the essence of Chang Min-Chueh’s successful factors and explores new ways of scientific innovation talents training in today’s China.This thesis seeks to carve out a vivid three-dimensional great Chinese origin scientist picture, and his great idea:Science will benefit the whole world, and bring civilization to mankind.更多还原