【作者】 苏守波；

【导师】 饶从满；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 比较教育学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文认为现代化是一个从传统社会向现代社会转变的过程,这一过程势必涉及到经济、政治、社会以及价值观念等领域的系统性变迁,尤其是涉及到国家制度体系和国家意识形态上的变迁。现代化的实践已经证明,国家建构是现代化的政治前提。离开了这个前提,现代化便无从下手。与现代化相伴生的现代国家具有双重特性:一是民族国家;二是民主国家。其中,现代国家的特性之维——民族国家的建构为现代化提供了必要的制度前提和强大的发展动力、以及稳定的秩序保障,现代国家的特性之维——民主国家的建构为现代化提供了合法的政治条件。民族国家指的是现代国家的组织形式,以主权为中心;民主国家指的是现代国家的制度体系,以主权在民为合法性基础,二者共同作用于现代国家建构之中。自现代化以来,由于现代国家已不再是一架纯粹的靠强力和武力决定自己的政治组织形式,而是一个人们相互交往以不断寻求相互理解和取得价值共识的动态持续的合法化构建过程。因此,在这个构建的过程中,国家建构离不开教育,尤其是离不开公民教育的形塑。因为,民族国家需要公民教育的社会整合功能以实现民族认同和国家的一体化建设,民主国家的建构则需要公民教育的民主化功能以实现民主观念的传播和公民参与的培育,进而推进国家的民主化进程。而且,公民教育的功能取向又往往因现代化进程中各国民族与民主建构特性的不同呈现出不同的表现。因此,本文认为从国家建构的维度,以国家建构为介质研究美国现代化与公民教育的关系问题就成为一个顺理成章的问题。美国是个高度发达的现代化国家,也是一个民族国家与民主国家同步建构的国家。本文认为美国现代化的酝酿时期,既是其民族国家与民主国家同步建构的初创时期,也是公民教育被认为是形成民族特点、培养社会凝聚力、推动民主共和观念的发轫时期。现代化转变时期,是美国实现从农业社会向工业社会过渡的重要阶段,国家的秩序、稳定和一体化建设成为国家建构的主要任务。此时,公民教育的社会整合功能逐渐凸显并成为最突出的特征,公民教育被视为实现民族认同和国家统一的最有力工具。现代化成熟时期,伴随着美国城市化和工业化的快速迈进,美国公民的民主权利诉求得以上升,公民教育的民主化功能不断推进。同时,这段时间也是美国民族主义极端发展的时期,美西战争、一战、二战的接连发生使公民教育一度出现国家主义甚至军国主义的色彩。20世纪70年代以来,伴随着新保守主义的兴起,美国国家建构在注重自由和平等的同时加强了政府权威的维护,民族主义与爱国主义相互融合,相互促进。同时,为适应这一时期国家建构的需要,“积极的公民资格”应运而生,培养有知识、有思想、有责任和能参与的公民成为公民教育的奋斗目标。无论是强调公民对其所属政治社群的认同感和归属感的社群主义公民教育也好,还是倡导文化的多元性、承认文化之间的平等和相互影响的多元文化主义的公民教育也好,都相对注重了公民教育的社会整合功能和民主化功能的协调统一。总之,从美国现代化进程中的国家建构与公民教育的关系来看,本文认为公民资格无疑成为美国现代国家建构与公民教育的关系维度,一方面公民资格体现了国家建构的内在要求,另一方面公民资格需要公民教育的形塑。而且,在现代化的进程中美国国家建构也会因不同时期现代化建设的不同要求而在其建构的两种维度——民族与民主之间表现不同的侧重。尽管在国家建构的过程中,美国始终称自己是民主立国的典范,往往忽视民族以及民族国家在其建构中的作用。然而,纵观美国现代化发展演变的历程,不难发现,从建国起其民族国家建构总体上在国家建构中具有绝对优势,而民主国家建构则具有相对优势。而且,其国家建构中两种维度的张力一直主导着公民教育的功能取向。公民教育的社会整合功能在其国家建构中具有绝对位置,而公民教育的民主化功能则在其国家建构中具有相对位置。公民教育的功能倾向往往因国家建构中两种维度的内部张力而一直受其制约和影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article presents that modernization is a process of traditional society transforming into modern society, which will inevitably involve the systematical changes of the areas of economy, politics, society, and values etc., especially the change of state institution system and state ideology. It has been proved by the practice of modernization that state building is the political premise of modernization, which will be stuck without this premise. The modern state concomitant with modernization has dual features: one is nation-state and another is democratic-state. As the special features of modern state, nation-state-building has provided the modernization with the necessary institute premise, powerful dynamics for development, and guaranteed stable order; the democratic-state-building has provided the modernization with the legal politic conditions. Interacting in the modern-state-building, nation-state refers to the organizational form of modern state, which centers on sovereignty; democratic-state refers to the institution system of modern state, which is based legally on“sovereignty belongs to the people”. Since the modernization, the modern state is no longer a politic organizational form only decided by force, but is a dynamic and sustained legalization building process in which people interacts to seek mutual understanding and obtain common value. Therefore, in this process, education is indispensible to state-building, especially the shaping of citizen education. Because, nation-state needs the social integration function of citizen education for the realization of national identities and the construction of national integration; while democratic-state-building needs the democratization function of citizen education to realize the transmission of democratic idea and preparation of citizen participation, and then promote the process of state democratization. Moreover, the functional orientation of citizen education always presents differently due to the differences of the features of each nation- and democratic-building in the modernization process. Therefore, it becomes logical to study the relationship between American modernization and citizen education from the state-building dimension.The United States is a highly developed modern state, also is a state with the synchronization of the building of nation-state and democratic-state. It is believed in this essay that the brewing period of American modernization is the beginning of synchronous building of nation-state and democratic-state, as well as the commence of the idea that citizen education is considered as shaping nation features, developing social cohesive force and promoting democratic republican. Transition period of modernization is the important phase for the United Stats to realize the transition from agricultural society to industrial society. The state order, stability and integration construction becomes the main task of state-building. Then, the social integration function of citizen education is growing to be the most prominent feature, and citizen education is considered as the most powerful approach to realize nation identities and state unity. The mature period of modernization, the demand of citizen’s democratic right was raised and the democratic function of citizen education was promoted, with the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the United States. At the same time, this period was also the extremely developed period of American nationalism. The succession wars like Spanish-American war, WWI and WWII colored the citizen education with the features of nationalism and even the militarism. Since the 1970s, with the rising of neoconservative, the state-building of the Untied States strengthened the protection of government authority besides emphasizing on the freedom and equality. The nationalism and patriotism promoted and integrated mutually. Meanwhile,“Active Citizenship”emerged to meet the needs of state-building. It became the objective of citizen education to educate citizens with knowledge, idea, responsibility, and participate ability. Either the communalism citizen education emphasizing citizen’s identities and sense of belongings to their political community, or the pluralism citizen education advocating the cultural diversity and admitting the cultural equality and interaction, both stressed relatively the harmony and unity of the social integration function and the democratization function of citizen education.In brief, this article shows that the citizenship has undoubtedly become the relationship dimension of American modern state-building and citizen education from the relation of state-building and citizen education in the process of American modernization. On one hand, citizenship embodies the inherent requirement of state-building; on the other hand, citizenship needs the shaping of citizen education. Moreover, based on the different requirement of modernization building at different periods of modernization, the state-building would emphasize differently between its two dimensions—the nation-state and the democratic-state. Although the United States always claims itself as the model of democratic-state-building in the process of state-building, it overlooks the contribution of the nation and the nation-state in this building process. However, in view of the course of the American modernization development, nation-state-building has the absolute superiority on the whole since the establishment of the states, while the democratic-state-building has the relative superiority. Meanwhile, the tension of the two dimensions in the state-building has been leading the functional orientation of citizen education. The social integration function of citizen education takes the absolute position in the state-building while the democratization function takes the relative position. The functional tendency of citizen education has been conditioned and affected by the strain of the two dimensions in state-building.更多还原