【作者】 袁春瑛；

【导师】 李齐云；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 财政学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 社会治安服务是指社会治安服务供给主体依照当前我国相关法律法规的要求所进行的一切维护社会治安秩序的行为。从经济属性上而言,社会治安服务属于地方公共物品范畴,在一定空间范围具有消费的非排他性、非竞争性及效用的不可分割性等属性特征,难以避免“免费搭便”问题的存在。除此之外,社会治安服务还具有一些不同于一般公共物品的特性,如覆盖面广、有时需要借助暴力性控制手段等。由于政府拥有巨大的财政支撑和动员社会资源的能力,同时又具有广泛的社会代表性,因此,社会治安服务的供给一直是政府治理领域中的一项重要内容。有效的社会治安服务供给往往被视为是政府“善治”的表现。在现代社会中,良好的社会治安环境不仅能有效提升全体社会成员的生存和生活质量,不断增进全社会整体福利水平,而且能通过有效保护私人资本、公共资本以及人力资本的安全,促进国家和社会的社会经济发展。因此,社会治安环境的优劣已成为衡量一个国家(或地区)社会经济发展水平的一项重要参考指标。当前,我国正处于经济体制转轨、社会转型的特殊历史时期,面临的国际国内治安环境十分复杂。如何应对复杂治安环境下公众的多元化社会治安服务需求,打造安定有序的社会治安环境,是一项值得我们深思的现实课题。显然,在短期内,政府或民间社会组织对社会治安服务的成本投入往往是比较固定的,或者说伴随经济增长速度按照固定的速度增长。因此,本文的主要研究目的就是,对社会治安服务有效供给问题进行理论与实证研究,厘清社会治安服务有效供给的内涵及基本要求,分析当前我国社会治安服务供给制度体系形成的内在机理,探索在现有社会经济资源投入条件下实现社会治安服务有效供给的具体路径。全文共分为六章,各章节的研究思路和基本观点如下：第一章为导论。本章主要阐述了本文的研究背景及其意义、已有的国内外研究成果、本文的研究内容与研究方法以及创新点和不足之处。第二章为社会治安服务有效供给的理论分析。本章首先从对公共物品的认识和分析入手,对社会治安服务的内涵、属性等基本范畴进行了分析界定；之后,结合公共物品有效供给的理论分析及社会治安服务本身所具有的诸多特殊性,给出了社会治安服务有效供给的内涵。本文认为,社会治安服务的有效供给是指,在特定的社会经济环境的要求下,通过不同供给机制的交互作用和相互影响形成相应的供给制度安排,使社会治安服务资源的配置和运用都实现帕累托最优,能够最大限度的满足社会公众的治安服务需求、实现社会整体利益最大化的供给。基于这一理解,本文继而提出了社会治安服务有效供给的四项基本原则,即供需均衡、动态改进、超额负担最小及广泛均等原则,并在此基础上给出了衡量社会治安服务“有效性”的相关评价指标。第三章为当前我国社会治安服务的供给主体及其供给方式。在公众的多元化需求诱导与国家社会治安综合治理方针的政策引导下,当前我国已经形成了由政府、市场和非营利组织共同提供社会治安服务的多元主体供给格局。本章对政府、市场及非营利组织供给社会治安服务的动机、运作机制及供给困境进行了细致分析,指出提升社会治安服务供给的有效性,并不是一个简单地将社会治安服务供给的任务交给政府,还是交给市场或非营利组织的问题,而是如何依据政府、市场与非营利组织有效发挥作用的功能空间,通过分工合作实现优势互补的问题。第四章为交易费用视角下社会治安服务供给主体结构的优化。从历史发展来看,社会治安服务多元主体供给格局的形成是社会分工的产物,而阻碍分工深化的主要限制性因素则是交易费用。因此,本章综合采用新制度经济学和新兴古典经济学中关于分工和交易费用的理论,对不同供给主体供给社会治安服务的交易费用作了细致分析。分析表明,尽管由市场部门与非营利组织供给部分社会治安服务虽然可以在一定程度上节省外生交易费用,但受我国市场经济体制不完善及其他诸多方面因素的影响,内生交易费用却增加了。也就是说,内外生交易费用之间存在着此消彼长的两难冲突。因此,社会治安服务供给主体结构的优化,其实质就是要根据政府、市场及非营利组织三类供给主体在社会治安服务供给过程中产生的内外生费用的大小,合理的在供给主体之间配置社会治安服务资源。基于这一认识,本章根据社会治安服务内外生交易费用的关键性影响因素,对社会治安服务的具体内容进行了类别细分,并相应地提出了每一类社会治安服务的供给主体的选择方案。第五章为我国社会治安服务供给现状的实证分析。本章采取问卷调研与典型案例分析的研究方法,以公安派出所的警察服务、住宅小区的物业保安服务、居民自发的义务巡逻服务为研究对象,从微观层面对当前社会治安服务政府供给、市场供给及非营利组织自愿供给三种供给方式的现状进行了实证分析。实证分析表明,无论是政府供给的警察服务还是市场供给的物业保安服务都存在着明显的供需差距,社会治安服务供给现状不容乐观。另外,由于依靠政府及市场部门无法满足人们多元化的社会治安服务需求,在安全需要的驱动下,民间社会治安组织就自然而然的成长起来,成为缓解农村地区社会治安服务供需矛盾的一种有效途径。第六章为实现我国社会治安服务有效供给的路径选择。本章根据社会治安服务有效供给的基本原则与当前社会治安服务供给的现状,从制度设计层面对社会治安服务有效供给的具体实现路径进行了探讨分析。具体路径为：一是要转变政府治理理念,完善政府供给机制；二是要加强政府监管力度,规范市场竞争秩序；三是要培育社会治安自治组织,充分利用社会资源。本文的创新之处主要表现在三个方面：一是运用现代经济学的基本研究方法和分析框架,结合国内外现有文献对有效供给问题的理论分析,提出了社会治安服务有效供给的基本标准及具体评价指标体系；二是运用制度经济学的分析工具,将交易费用理论引入社会治安服务有效供给问题的分析中,对政府、市场及非营利组织供给社会治安服务过程中发生的交易费用进行了细致分析,并从社会分工与交易费用角度分析了社会治安服务供给主体结构由一元走向多元的内在作用机理,指出了内外生费用与社会治安服务供给主体选择之间的内在联系；三是在问卷调研的基础上,采用因子分析、结构方程模型等统计分析方法,分析了居民对警察服务、物业保安服务满意度与需求意愿情况。另外,还利用典型案例分析的方法,归纳了民间社会治安组织在社会治安服务领域有效发挥作用的现实条件,填补了国内这一研究领域中缺乏实证分析的不足。本文的分析,不过是对社会治安服务有效供给问题的一次探索性分析而已。由于本研究内容对作者的理论功底和实践经验要求都很高,受时间、精力水平及本人理论水平等诸多主客观条件限制,论文中仍有很多不足和缺陷。例如,由于相关统计指标数据搜集的客观条件限制,尽管本文在第三章中建立了衡量社会治安服务有效供给的评价指标体系,并没有在此基础上从宏观角度对当前我国社会治安服务供给现状进行评价。另外,探讨提高社会治安服务的供给效率问题,事实上还涉及到许多细致、复杂、精巧的技术问题。例如政府、市场、第三部门在供给社会治安服务中的多重博弈就是一个十分复杂的系统过程,博弈关系格局在不同制度环境下会发生较大变化,进而影响着各供给机制下供给效率的发挥。这应成为笔者在今后的工作和研究中继续努力的一个重要方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Public security service refers to the public security services provided by the relevant public security entities in accordance with the current public security regulations. In the case of economy, public security service belongs to the local public goods, and to a certain extent, it is non-exclusive, non-competitive and indivisible, which makes it difficult to avoid "free ride". In addition, the public security service still has some properties different from the average public goods, such as its wide coverage, and sometimes the necessary violent means. Due to the government’s huge financial support and its authority over the allocation of social resources, public security service supply has been an important content in the field of government administration. Effective public service supply is often considered as an index of "good governance". Good public security environment can not only better the life quality of all the social members and improve the overall social welfare, but also can effectively protect private capital, public capital and human capital and promote social economy development. Therefore, public security environment has become an important reference index of a country (region)’s economic development level in the modern society. At present, our country is experiencing the transformation of economic system. This is a special historical period, and we are facing a very complicated international and domestic security environment. How to deal with the complex public security environment, the diverse public security demands and ensure a stable and orderly public order is a realistic issue that needs us to ponder.Obviously, the cost input of government and civilian organization on social order work often is relatively fixed, or rather in accordance with a certain percentage of growth economic.Therefore, this paper aims at researching the effective supply of public security services, clarifying the connotation and basic requirements, analyzing the internal mechanism that forms the current public security services supply system, and exploring the path to realizing effective supply of public security services under the contemporary existing of social and economic resources.There are all together six sections in this paper, specific contents are as follows:The first section is a quotation, which introduces the research background, research significance, informed literatures, concept definition, research contents, research methods as well as the innovations and deficiencies of the research.The second section is about the theoretical analysis of the effective supply of public security service. At first, based on the understanding and analysis of public goods, it defines the basic category such as connotation and attributes of public security service; Then, it reviews the theoretical analyses of effective supply in current literatures, puts forward the basic standards and measurement indicators for effective supply of public security service according to the specific services. In this essay, the effective supply of public security service means that, according to the requirement of specifically social and environment development, through affecting each other, the main supply-demand body of public security service can form the systematic arrangement respectively so as to optimize social resource distribution and employment, maximum meet the demands of public service security, and fully realize social interests. Then, the essay puts forward that there are four cardinal principles for effective supply, they are respectively supply-demand equilibrium, dynamic improvement, excess burden minimization, wide and equality. At the meantime, the related evaluation index to measure the efficiency of public service security is given in the view of above principles.The third section deals with the current public security service structure and supply mechanisms. Under the influence of multiple public security service demands and the comprehensive management policy of public security currently, our country has already formed plural pattern of supply main body of public security service. This section carefully analyzed the motives, operation mechanism and realistic predicament of the government, market and non-profit organization, and points out that promoting the efficiency of public security service mainly relies on the rational classification of the supply main body’s functional space,so as to through the cooperation realize mutual compensation of advantages, but not a simple question of only depend on the strength of government, or the strength of market and the non-profit organization.The fourth section deals with the transaction costs and the optimized structure of the supply main body of public security service. From the view of historical development, the plural pattern of supply main body of public security service is a product of division of labor and specialization, the main restrictive factors of division of labor is transaction cost. According to the theory of labor division and transaction cost in the new institutional economics and neoclassical economics, this section analyzes the transaction cost produced by different supply subjects during the process of public security service. Theoretical analysis showed that, although by the strength or market or non-profit organization to supply the public security service can save the exogenous transaction cost to some extent, but with the influence of imperfect socialist market economic system and other factors, the endogenous transaction cost is increasing at the same time, That is to say there is a conflicts between the exogenous transaction cost and the endogenous transaction cost. Therefore, the substance of optimized structure of the supply main body of public security service is that reasonably disposing public security service resources among the government, market and non-profit organization, according to the transaction costs produced by different supply subjects during the process of public security service. Based on this knowledge, the essay classifies the public security service contents according to the main influence factors of transaction costs, and puts forward the selection scheme of the supply subjects of each class public security serviceThe fifth section refers to the empirical analysis of the present conditions of public security service in China. Using some questionnaires and typical case and having the police services, property security services and neighborhood watch as the objects of research, this section talks about the empirical analysis of the present supply efficiency of the government, the market and the volunteer groups respectively at a micro level. The analysis shows that, there always exists obvious gap between the supply and demand both in police services and property security services, and the present situation of public security service is not optimistic. In addition, because only depending on the strength of government cannot meet the requirements of public security service, the folk social public order organization emerged along with the driven of the security demands, and becomes an effective approach to relief the imbalance between supply and demand of public security service in the rural areas.The sixth section discusses the ways of realizing the effective supply of public security services. Setting reducing transaction cost as the goal, this section explores and analyzes the ways of realizing the effective supply respectively from the system design’s angle. First of all, change the government’s management philosophy; in the second place, reinforce government supervision and regulate market competitive order; in the end, cultivate the self-governing organizations and make full use of social resources.The essay mainly includes the following three innovations:First, it puts forward the basic standards and specific measurement indexes for the effective public security service supply on the base of the current literatures; Second, it uses the analysis tools of Institutional Economics, it applies the concept of transaction cost to the analysis of the effective supply of public security services. Pointing out the exchange attribute of the public service security, and particularly analyzed the transaction cost occurs in the supply course of government, market and non-profit organizations; then, it analyzes the inherence mechanisms of the unitary supply model turn into a polynary supply model from the view of theory of labor division and transaction cost; Third, it analyzes the gap between what society needs and what the government can provide in detail at a micro level, discuses the key factors that determine the demands and the satisfaction of the residents, and puts forward the specific plans to promote the effective supply of public security services.This is a preliminary exploratory analysis of the effective supply of public security services. Limited by the author’s theoretical foundations and practice experience, there are still some flaws and deficiencies in the essay. There is not an evaluation of the present conditions of the Chinese public security service at a macro level. The multi-games between the government, the market and the third sector during the service supply process are very complex, and the multi-game patterns will change dramatically in different environments, which will then affects the efficiency of supply mechanism. All these above should be studied in a further and deeper way in the future.更多还原