【作者】 廖元锡；

【导师】 廖伯琴；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 我国高中新课程注重基础性、体现时代性、反映选择性,以模块的形式对课程进行了全新的设计。高中物理、化学、生物由若干课程模块构成,分为必修、选修两类,为学生选学,促进学生全面而有个性的发展提供了重要的基础。然而,选修课在我国中学课程结构中虽然每每被提出,但又每每被边缘化,致使一些与高考关系不大或不考的选修课程无法真正实施。除受以往的学科课程只是简单分为必修和选修影响之外,另一个重要原因就是高考影响,人们把高考成绩作为评价高中教育质量的标杆。新课程改革以来,高考改革依然是社会关注的热点问题,教师则更加关注高考改革如何促进新课程实施,如何实现选修模块课程设计理念,促进学生的个性发展等。有关研究表明：物理教师对课程模块结构的合理性持肯定态度。模块都有较高的独立性，划分合理,但学校对学生选课的开放程度很低,有将选修变为必修的倾向。有关新课程实施的研究很多,但涉及到模块课程实施的较少,涉及到高考方案、科学领域模块课程实施的现状研究就更少。2009年已经有10个省、区或直辖市实施了新课程的高考方案,其中第一批进入实验的四个省(区)已经是第3轮,新高考方案、考试大纲对选修模块课程实施所产生的影响迫切需要研究,以便对高考方案的修订,后续进入实验的地区高考方案的制定提出科学合理的建议。本研究分为五个部分：研究1：新课程实验省份高考方案内容分析研究在研究1中,采用了内容分析法,对10个省新课程实验省份高考方案文本予以分析研究。本研究主要关注高考方案的指导思想、高校招生模式、高考科目设置,以及学业水平测试和综合素质评价的功能、内容等,并从新课程实施的视角对招生模式、考试科目设置的特点进行分析。研究2：考试大纲与科学课程标准比较研究在研究2中,采用了文本分析法对物理、化学、生物等学科考试大纲、大纲说明进行比较研究,将考试大纲与科学领域课程标准的课程目标、能力要求、内容标准进行了比较,对考试大纲的选择性与课程标准的选择性进行了对比分析。研究3：高考方案对普通高中模块选修课程开设的影响研究研究3采用问卷调查法研究普通高中模块选修课程的开设情况、开课依据,高考方案对模块选修课程开设的影响。调查对象为实验区不同层次普通高中,问卷发放给教导处主任或教研室主任,调查了海南、安徽、广东、山东、浙江等省156所学校,并对问卷中的各项数据进行处理,比较,形成结论。研究4：高考方案对模块选修课程选学的影响研究研究4采用问卷调查法、访谈法了解学生对模块课程选学的期望、选学依据。研究假设是：学校允许学生选课、而且有不同的课程提供学生选择。研究的问题：学生将怎样选学模块课程,新课程高考方案、考纲对学生模块选修课程选学的影响。调查对象是实验区不同层次普通高中2009或2010届理科学生,调查时间2009年6月至2009年11月,调查问卷一共发放3500份。研究5：山东省Z市实验中学模块课程实施的个案研究对山东Z市实验中学的个案研究是研究3、研究4的补充,研究内容包括：选项走班、分层走班、校本课程选学走班、2008级高中生物理、化学、生物模块选学和走班等情况,选课存在的问题及对策,师生对选课走班的评价等。综合以上研究,得出结论如下：1)新课程高考方案旨在促进高校招生考试改革与高中课程改革相结合,高校招生采用统一考试、学业水平测试加综合素质评价模式,在理科类考试科目设置上,十省高考方案中统一考试科目多数是“语、数、外3+理科综合”,与高校不同学科门类和专业契合不够。2)物理、化学、生物等科考试大纲能力要求与课程目标一致,突出了对科学探究能力的考查,考核内容的范围要小于课程标准的范围,设置了选考模块,但选考模块与招生专业缺少关联。3)高考方案、考试大纲是影响学校模块课程开设的首要因素,考试科目设置和考试模块规定影响学校模块课程的开设。考纲规定考多少模块学校就开设几个模块的情况在科学领域占了60%左右,虽然有40%学校开出的模块数大于必考的模块数,但也是由学校依据有利于高考的原则选定开课模块。4)理科生对学校开设模块课程的期望是必修加自由选修,其次才是必修加理科选修；其中,60%左右的学生满足于学校为自己选课,认为学校在对付高考上经验丰富。5)在个案研究中,Z市实验中学从2008级开始分行政班和教学班,高一实行选项走班、分层走班教学,高二学生分文理两类倾向并走班上课,有效地解决了选课和走班教学上的难题：学校对文科倾向的学生在完成了科学领域必要学分后,还开设选修模块课程,但对理科倾向的学生在物理、化学、生物等学科所开的模块课程数量与考纲要求相同。基于以上结论,本文提出如下建议：1)各省教育行政部门应加强对高中新课程实施和高考考试方案制定的统一管理,统筹对高中课程选学要求和升学考试标准的制定,以克服目前课程管理和考试管理多头指挥给新课程实施带来的不利影响。2)各省教育行政部门应加强对新课程的领导,保证新课程的基础性,落实选择性,提高课程执行力。3)高考方案要进一步适应高等教育和新课程改革的需要,分层次、分学科或专业设置考试科目和考试形式。4)强化高中学业水平考试的作用,充分发挥其规范学校办学行为、检查国家课程标准执行情况的功能。5)为适应高中教育的大众化和学生学习的个性化需要,建议高中多样化发展、分层次办学。在目标定位,课程结构,教学方式等方面形成特色1。6)学校应当为学生的选课提供指导,帮助学生学会选择。7)加强校长的课程意识教育,培养校长的课程抉择、实施能力。8)建议高中教学2+1分段。前两年学习国家课程和地方课程,后一年学习高考课程模块,部分学生学习与职业有关的课程模块,普通高中与职业高中合作,职业课程学习在职业学校完成,少数学生2年毕业直接就业。更多还原

【Abstract】 Senior High school new curriculums in our country stress on the foundation, modernity,selectivity,which make a totally new curriculum design with modules. High school physics,chemistry and biology consist of several course modules and are divided into compulsory and elective courses which provide important guarantee for students’choice of course and promote their comprehensive and personality quality.However,though elective curriculum is often put forward in high school curriculum structure in our country,it is often on the margin of all the curriculums. Apart from a reason that the previous curriculums are simply divided into compulsory and elective ones,another important reason is the influence of the university admission examination which is the scale to evaluating high school teaching quality. Since the reform of the new curriculum,the reform of university admission examination is still the hot spot of society. Teachers stress on how the reform of university admission examination promotes the implementation of the new curriculum and how to realize the elective moduler design ideal and promote the students’ personality ability. Some research show the physics teacher have the affirmative attitude toward the curriculum modules.Curriculum modules have high independence, and arrange content reasonably,but school open the elective curriculum less and have the tendency to turn elective into compulsory. There are more research on the new curriculum’s implementation,but less on the modular curriculum,and the least on the condition of the university admission examination scheme and science modular curriculum implementation. In 2009 there are ten provinces implementing the new curriculum’s university admission examination scheme,among the first four provinces is the three around in trial.The influence of new university admission examination scheme and the syllabus on the module elective curriculum is in great need of research so as to revise the university admission examination scheme and provide scientific and reasonable suggestions for the later experimental zone’s the university admission examination scheme. This research is divided into five parts:Research 1:content analytical research on the new curriculum’s university admission examination scheme in experimental provincesResearch 1 adopts content analytical method to analyze ten experimental provinces’new curriculum’s university admission examination schemes.Its research stresses on the university admission examination scheme’s guiding conception, university admission modes,compulsory examination subjects set in university admission examination,academic tests and comprehensive qualities evaluation etc. It analyses the feature of the admission modes and compulsory examination subjects set from the view of the new curriculum.Research 2:comparative study between examination syllabus and the standard of science curriculumResearch 2 uses textual analytical methods to comparatively study on physics, chemistry and biology syllabus and their explanation. It compares the science curriculum standard’s,curriculum aim,ability requirements and its content standard with the syllabus.It has also a comparative research on the selectivity between the syllabus and curriculum.Research 3:the university admission examination scheme’s influence research on the modular elective courses open in senior high schoolResearch 3 takes questionnaire survey to inquiry about modular elective courses offered in ordinary high school,the reasons and university admission examination scheme’s influence on the modular elective courses offered. The investigation objects are different level ordinary high school in experimental zone. The questionnaire papers are distributed to the directors of the academic and research offices and departments.It investigated 156 high schools in Hainan,Anhui,Guangdong Shandong and Zhejiang,and analyses and compares each data and comes to a conclusion.Research 4:the university admission examination scheme’s influence study on modular elective coursesResearch 4 uses questionnaire survey and interview to know the students’ expectation about the module curriculum and their elective reason. The research symposium is that school permit students choosing curriculum and there are different courses offered for students.The research question is how the students choose their modular courses and the new curriculum’s university admission scheme and syllabus influence on the students’modular elective. The investigation objects are different level experimental zones’science students in Grade 2009 and 2010 in ordinary high school. The investigation time is from June 2009 to November. The questionnaire papers are totally distributed 3500.Research 5 is a case study which research the implementation of modular courses in Z Experimental Middle School in ShandongThe case study research on its implementation of modular courses in Z Experimental Middle School in Shandong Supplements Research 3 and Research 4. The research covers elective teaching class,different level teaching class,school-based curriculum teaching class,physics,chemistry and biology modular elective in Grade 2008,problems occurred in the elective courses and probe the teacher-students’opinions about the elective courses and teaching class.According to the research above,the general conclusion of this thesis can be made as follows:1)The new curriculum’s university admission examination scheme aims at "promoting the combination of the reforms both in the admission examination of colleges and universities and high school curriculum".The admission method of the college and university adopts unified examination,academic test plus comprehensive quality evaluation.In the examination subjects set the unified examination subjects are almost 3+science integrated in the ten provinces’scheme.The examination subjects have little link with the major.2) Physics,chemistry and biology’s syllabus requirement is accord with the new curriculum,it stresses on the science inquiry ability. The examination content is less than those of curriculum standard. It offers elective examination modules but no collection with majors.3)University admission examination scheme and examination syllabus have the first influence on the module courses offered in schools.The examination syllabus sets how many modules should be tested,and school will offer the corresponding modules,which occupies 60% in science modules.Although 40% of schools have offered modules more than compulsory exam modules,school decides the module course offered according to the university admission examination.4)Students of science first expect schools to offer compulsory courses and free elective courses,secondly compulsory courses and science elective subjects.60% Students are satisfied with courses choice made by school for themselves. They think schools have rich experience in university admission examination.5) Z Experimental Middle School in Shandong began to divide executive class and teaching class in 2008,it is found that fine selection on Grade One option,the different level of teaching are well proved; Grade Two high school students have the preference of science and arts.School provides elective modules in the subjects not examined in university admission examination,but it offers the same module courses number in physics,chemistry and biology with the syllabus.According to the above conclusion,this dissertation makes the following suggestions:1)Administrative Department for Education of each province should enhance unified management of the high school new curriculum’s implementation and the university admission examination’s scheme,plan the standard both in high school curriculum and university admission examination as a whole to conquer the negative influence of new curriculum implemented brought by the commands of current curriculum management and examination management.2)Provincial Administrative Department for Education should intensify guide the new curriculum to guarantee the base of new curriculum,put selectivity into practice and improve execution of courses.3)The scheme of university admission examination needs to adapt to the requirements of higher education and the new curriculum’s reform, setting exam subjects and exam modes based on different levels and majors.4) Strengthen the role of the high schools’academic level examination to give full play to its function of standardizing schools’running conditions and examining the implementation of national curriculum standard.5)In consideration of high school education popular and students individual, it suggests that high school should develop diversely and run in different levels.School should form itself feature such as the clear aim,fine curriculum structure,excellent teaching method.but can not have the same goal,simple structure and no unique feature at all.6)Schools should provide professional guidance and service for the students’curriculum choice and learning 7)Reinforce principals curriculum awareness education,cultivating their selection of curriculum and executive ability. (8)Suggest that teaching of high school consists of two periods two plus one;students learn national and local courses in the first two years and in the later year learn university admission examination’s course modules or relate to profession’s ones.Ordinary high school cooperates with the vocational school,vocational curriculum is learned and completed mainly in vocational schools. A few students can graduate and work directly after two years of high school.更多还原