【作者】 国洪梅；

【导师】 于群；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 在目前我国的史学研究中,大部分学者把研究的重心集中在冷战时期,而对1933—1941年美国对苏联的政策却未能给予足够的重视。实际上,这一时期美国对苏联的政策无论在美国历史还是在世界历史上都占有非常重要的地位。可以说,美国同社会制度以及意识形态与自己截然不同的国家——苏联的首次合作尝试,不仅为第二次世界大战中反法西斯联盟的形成以及战争的最后胜利提供了必要的基础,而且也为二战后美国对苏政策的塑造提供了强有力的理论根据和实践依托。本文试图利用美国政府的解密文件和现有的研究成果,综合考察1933—1941年美国对苏联的政策,包括美国政府决定承认苏联的原因和过程、美国政府利用和限制苏联政策的基本确立、利用和限制政策的全面实施以及苏德战争后,利用和限制政策的结束与美苏战时合作的开始等方面的内容。在此基础上,通过探究这个时期美国对苏联政策的表现、特征、原因和手段,揭示美国对苏政策的发展脉络及其对世界历史发展进程的影响。在现代社会中,由于资本主义和社会主义两种不同的社会制度仍然并存,由于苏联解体后,作为世界上唯一的超级大国的美国在对社会主义国家的外交关系中仍然把意识形态作为重要的因素来考虑,因此,研究美国对苏政策,探讨美国外交政策的出发点和实质,有助于我国政府在目前的对外关系中采取正确的方针和对策。本文从辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的观点出发,主要运用历史学的研究方法,同时也结合了政治学等学科的研究手段,通过对美国政府的解密文件进行梳理和分析试图说明三个问题:(1)美国对苏联利用和限制的政策是在内外交困的形势下被迫搁置与苏联的意识形态的分歧而采取的暂时的政策,它受制于美国当时的战略地位及战略目标;(2)美国对苏联利用和限制的政策受美国对苏联错误的认知、僵化的外交手段以及国际社会的发展状况等因素的影响和制约,与此同时,意识形态在美国对苏政策的形成过程中也起到了不可忽视的潜在作用;(3)美国对苏联利用和限制的政策是以防止德、意、日法西斯国家的侵略、促进经济的恢复以及扩张美国的价值观念为出发点和归宿的。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, concerning the study of history, most scholars of our country put the focus of their study on the cold war period, and have not given enough attention to America’s Soviet policy during the years from 1933 to 1941. At present, concerning the study of history, most scholars of our country put the focus of their study on the cold war period, and have not given enough attention to America’s Soviet policy during the years from 1933 to 1941.In fact, America’s Soviet policy during this period plays an very important role not only in American history but in the history of the world. So to speak, the first cooperation of U.S. with the Soviet Union, a country with a different social system and different ideology as opposed to U.S, not only offered the essential base to both the forming of antifascist alliance during the World War Two and the ultimate victory of the War, but also, after this, offered strong theoretical basis and practical support for the forming and developing of America’s Soviet policy and therefore, produced far-reaching effects on both the United States and the Soviet Union.Making use of the declassified documents of U.S. government and on the basis of current research achievements, this paper reviews comprehensively America’s Soviet policy during the period of 1933-1941, including some aspects as the reason and process of American government’s determination to recognize Soviet Union, the fundamental establishment of the policy of using and restricting the Soviet Union made by U.S., the carrying out all around of the policy of using and restricting the Soviet Union, the ending of the policy of using and restricting the Soviet Union after the breaking out of the war between Soviet Union and Germany and the beginning of the war-time cooperation between American government and Soviet Union. Based on this, by exploring the performance, characteristics, reason and the means of America’s Soviet policy during this period, the paper reveals the developing thread of America’s Soviet policy and its influence on the process of the development of the world history. In modern society, because two different kinds of social systems—capitalism and socialism still coexist, also that the United States, as the only superpower after the collapse of the Soviet union, still regards ideology as the important factor to consider in its treating of diplomatic relations with socialist countries, as a result, the study on America’s Soviet policy and the exploration of the starting point and the essence of U.S. diplomatic policy is helpful for our government to take the right policy and countermeasure in its present foreign relations.Starting from the viewpoint of the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, using mainly the historical research methods and meanwhile combining the research means of politics and other subjects, this paper attempts to elucidate three issues through the combing and analysis of the declassified documents of U.S. government:(1)the policy of using and restricting the Soviet Union made by U.S., who was forced to put aside its ideological differences with the Soviet Union under the situation of internal and external predicaments, was a kind of temporary policy implemented by U.S., and it was enslaved by the strategic position and objectives of U.S of that time;(2)the policy of using and restricting the Soviet Union made by U.S. was influenced and restricted by such factors as the wrong cognition by U.S. of the Soviet Union, rigid diplomacy and the developing status of the international society; at the same time, in the formation of U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union, ideology played a potential role which can not be neglected;(3)Preventing the invasion by Germany, Japan, Italy fascist states, promoting economic recovery and the expanding of American values were the starting point and the destination of the policy of using and restricting the Soviet Union made by U.S.更多还原