《太平经》政治思想研究

【作者】 张鸿；

【导师】 刘泽华； 张荣明；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 《太平经》是研究早期道教政治思想及其历史价值的重要史料。二十世纪中叶,“太平”理想一度成为热点学术话题之一,争论主要围绕其政治属性展开。但是,迄今尚无系统研究《太平经》政治思想的学术专著问世。本文借鉴相关学科及相关研究方向的方法与成果,从政治阐释方式与论证体系、政治文化符号与核心价值体系、政治学说架构与主要政治导向、理想政治模式理论和《太平经》的政治思想与主流政治文化的比较等诸多层面和视角,系统研究《太平经》的政治思想体系,并对“太平”理想的政治属性、政治功能和历史价值提出自己的见解,为中国古代政治思想史研究和早期道教思想史研究做出推进性的学术贡献。考察《太平经》的阐释方式是全面研究其政治思想的主要角度和重要内容。在《太平经》中,宗教信仰与政治信仰、宗教哲学与政治哲学、自然法则与政治法则、社会规范与政治规范密切相关,它们之间存在着类推、互证的关系。《太平经》有时用社会政治法则解释一些宗教、哲学、自然方面的道理,诸如天为君、地为臣或天为父、地为母等;有时又用宗教信仰、哲学道理、自然现象解释社会政治法则,诸如君为天、臣为地或父为天、母为地,于是教义、哲理、自然被用作社会政治法则的理论依据。因此,《太平经》的宗教思想、哲学思想、社会思想、政治思想是一个有机的整体,都可以归属于政治思想范畴。《太平经》使用了许多大众化的政治文化符号,并给予道教式的解释。例如,在论证各种重要社会权威的共同特征时,最先将“天地君父师”连为一体,据以设定臣民对帝王、子女对父母、弟子对师傅的道德义务和判定“最上善之人”的标准。在阐释政治制度、政治权力等问题时,使用了许多专门标示最高统治者的文化符号,并做出自己的诠释。使用并阐释形形色色的标示政治结构、政治功能和政治价值的君臣之喻,以论证、界定、规范君主与臣民的基本关系。从这些符号的主要来源和文化意义看,《太平经》的核心政治价值与主流政治文化大体保持一致。乍然看来,《太平经》论说政治思想的材料多以零散、片断、无序的状态存在。然而,如果运用政治学的分析方法,对相关思想材料,仔细梳理,条分缕析,归纳整理,适度解读,就不难发现其政治思想相当系统,比较全面地回答了与国家权力相关的一系列重大政治问题。在内容的系统性、结构的完整性和论证的哲理性方面,《太平经》的政治思想毫不逊色于许多思想家的论著。从《太平经》政治学说的基础框架看,其制度设计与现实中的帝制大体相互匹配。《太平经》的主要历史贡献是针对不平的社会现实,汇聚传统文化资源,将“太平”升华为“道”的本质属性和人类社会的大经大法,提出“天下太平”的理想政治模式理论。张扬“太平”也是其最具批判性和感召力之处。但是,从具体用法和思想体系看,“太平”的核心词义是有尊卑结构定位、主从功能定位和贵贱价值定位内涵的天地常道,契合“道”与“天法”的太平政治境域实质是君主制度、等级制度和宗法制度的和谐有序状态,而实现政治理想的必由之路是“王治太平”。因此,《太平经》的政治思想实际上是当时主流政治文化的道教表达方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Taiping Jing is key materials for the study of the political thought and historical value of the Daoism in early period. In the Mid 20th Century, the idea of "taiping" had become one of the hotspot in learning, and the debate was focused on its political attribute. However, so far there has been no monograph on the political thought of Taiping Jing. This paper attempts to make a systematic study on the political thought system of Taiping Jing, put forward this author’s own view on the political attributes, political function and historical value of Taiping Jing, in the hope of making contributions to the study of China ancient political thoughts and early Daoist thought, with the reference of the approaches and achievements of related disciplines and studies, and from the way for political interpretation and the system of demonstration, political symbols and core value system, the frame and main political orientation of political doctrine, the theory of ideal political model and the comparison between the political thought in Taiping Jing and the mainstream political culture, etc.The examination on the interpretation way of Taiping Jing is a main aspect and content for the full study on its political thought. In Taiping Jing, religious and political beliefs, religious and political philosophies, natural and political laws, social and political norms were correlated with each other, which existed a relationship of analogy and corroboration. In Taiping Jing, social and political laws were sometimes to be used to explain the reasons in religion, philosophy and nature, such as tian wei jun, di wei chen or tian wei fu, di wei mu; sometimes religious beliefs, philosophical reason and natural phenomena was used to explain social and political laws, such as jun wei tian, chen wei di or fu wei tian, mu wei di, hence, the doctrine, philosophy and nature was used as the theoretical ground for social and political law. Therefore, the religious thought, philosophical thought, social thought and political thought in Taiping Jing were an organic unit, belonging to the category of political thought. Taiping Jing has used many popular political symbols and has been given explanation from Daoism. For example, while demonstrating the common characteristics of various significant social authorities, "tian di jun fu shi were first set to be one whole, against which the moral obligation in which the subjects were set against the emperor, the children against the parent, the disciples against the master, and norms for "zui shang shan zhi ren" were set. While interpreting the political institution and political power, etc. many cultural symbols to mark the superior ruler were used and given its own interpretation. The metaphor of jun and chen was used and given interpretation to mark various political structure, political function and value, to demonstrate, define and regulate the basic relationship between the monarch and the subjects. From the main origin and cultural meaning of these symbols, the core political value of Taiping Jing was identical to that of the mainstream political culture.Though it seems that the materials discoursing political thoughts in Taiping Jing are scattered, fragmental, out of order, it is not difficult to find that its political thought was rather systematic, almost fully answering a series of significant political issues concerned with state power, if we use the analytical method of political science to carefully trim, analyze, interpret the concerned materials. The systematism in content, integrality in structure and philosophicity in demonstration of the political thought of Taiping Jing was not inferior to that of the works of many thinkers. From its basic frame for political doctrine, the institutional design of Taiping Jing was matchable to that of imperialism.The main historical contribution of Taiping Jing was to the unfair social reality, which converged the traditional cultural resources to enhance "taiping" to the intrinsic attribute of Dao and the "Great Classic and Great Law" of human society, and put forward the ideal political model of "tian xia taiping". To extol "taiping’ was also the most critical and most impressive part of this book. Nevertheless, from the point view of usage and thinking system, the core meaning of "taiping" was the normal law of Tian Di, that had meaning of the orientation of the superior-inferior structure, the orientation of the object-subject function and the orientation of the noble-mean value, corresponding to the fact that the political taiping realm of "dao" and "taiping" was in fact the harmonious and orderly condition of monarchy, hierarchy and patriarchy, and the only way to realize the political ideal was "wang zhi taiping". Therefore, the political thought of Taiping Jing is in fact the Daoist expression for the mainstream political culture at that time.更多还原