【作者】 李和山；

【导师】 王继如；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 古典文献学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 王先谦是晚清著名学者、文献学家,同时又是一个政治思想守旧的人物。由于他的思想和经历比较复杂,长期以来,人们对其颇为褒贬不一,甚至对其同一件事的评价截然相反。他早期在朝为官,留心时务,直言敢谏,颇有贤声;中年出任江苏学政,以经术造士,成就人才甚多;任满开缺回湘,主讲书院,一以在苏教士之法;甲午中国战败,他积极创立宝善成机器制造公司,兴办实业,议开时务学堂,并率先在岳麓书院进行课程改革,从而成为早期湖南新政的参与者,在湖南近代化的过程中起到了倡导和推进作用。但戊戌年间,却因反对湖南维新派而遭到非议,此后长期被人们视为破坏湖南维新的“顽固派”、“劣绅”。他治学门庭广大、博涉多通,在经学、史学、文学等方面都有很深的造诣,因此有学者称他为经学家、史学家、诸子学家和文学家。当时也有人将他与王夫之、王文清和王闿运等人一起,并称“四王”,或与闿运并称“二王”。他一生整理、校刻的文献多达五十余种,三千二百多卷。所刊书籍,大多搜采详备,校勘精审,刻印精良,为晚清刻印之冠,刘锦藻称“维持文献之功,阮元而后当推先谦。”但是,批评者或讥其“小学弗深”、“《经解》滥收”,或讽以“发明甚少”、“非著书,乃抄书”等等,又对其评价不高。本谱在王先谦《自定年谱》的基础上,以他本人的《文集》、《诗存》和《书札》为主要材料来源,参考《清史稿》、《清实录》、《光绪朝东华录》等史料,广采与他同时代人物的年谱、日记、书札、诗文集等资料中的相关记载,补充材料数百则,力图全面准确地反映出他的思想渊源、他一生的学术与政治活动等方面的情况。由本谱可知,他在学术上固然发明不多,也的确存在着贪多务博等毛病,但他明瞭治学门径,“于学术源流、治学得失,辨析至明”,其著述嘉惠士林,最便于学者,张舜徽先生称他是“清末一大学者”,确实如此。同样,作为那个时代产物的官吏和学者,他的思想中既有忧国忧民、求真务实的积极进取的一面,也有感激君恩、愚忠满清王朝的消极反动的一面。当维新派的激进言论危及清王朝的统治、冲击传统纲常伦理的时候,他起来加以反对,其实是必然的事情。当然,他的思想和激进维新派、顽固保守派都有明显的不同,需要仔细加以区分。况且,并没有证据表明他公开反对过南学会,他也并非攻击时务学堂的始作俑者。此外,《自定年谱》中许多事情叙述简略,甚至有歪曲、隐瞒之处,本谱亦作了补充或纠正,等等。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wang Xianqian was a famous scholar, document expert, as well as a conservative in politics thinking. Because his ideas and experience were rather complicated, for a long time, some people praise him, but also some people criticize, even just for one thing, people appraise him in quite opposite opinions.Wang Xianqian was an official in government in his early life, taking care of current social situation, daring to express his opinions directly, so got a good reputation; he took the post of Jiangsu Education Director in his middle age, and trained many talented people by his classic method. When his tenure in office ended, Wang Xianqian resigned and went back to Hunan to teach in academy by his method he took in Jiangsu. After Jiawu War, he established Baoshancheng Machine Manufacturing Company, initiated industries, discussed to establish Current Situation Academy actively, and took the lead to carry on the reform of curriculums in Yuelu Academy, consequently became a participant of the early Hunan New Deal, initiated and promoted Hunan’s modern processing. But In 1898, he encountered criticism due to his opposing Hunan Reform Faction, hereafter for a long time, was regarded as diehard and villain who demolished Hunan Reform.Studying widely, being versed in many fields, he got great attainments in classics, history and literatures etc., therefore, some scholars regard him as classic expert, historian, specialist in hundred fields, and litterateur. At that time,some people called him with Wang Fuzhi, Wang Wenqing and Wang Kaiyun‘Four Wang’, or called him with Wang Kaiyun‘Two Wang’.The literatures Wang Xianqian reorganized and proofread in his life were more than 50 kinds, over 3,200 volumes. Most of the books he compiled collected details completely, the proofreading and engraving of which were excellent, and were the best in engraving in the late Qing Dynasty. According to Mr. Liu Jingzao,‘Wang Xianqian was the merit person in the maintenance of literatures who was only inferior to Ruan Yuan.’But critics either ridicule he was superficial in the language and writing, and misused collections in his book‘Classics Explanation’,‘or ridicule‘his inventions were really few’,‘he didn’t write books, but just copied from a book’, so the appraisal for him is not good as well.Based on Wang Xianqian’s‘Self Biographical chronology’, taking his books‘Anthology’,‘Poem Saves’and‘Book Note’as the main material sources, referring to the books‘History Manuscript of Qing Dynasty‘,‘Factual Record of Qing Dynasty’,‘Guangxu Dynasty Donghua Record’and other historical data, this biographical chronology widely gathers relative records in biographical chronologies, diaries, book notes, poems anthologies and so on of those characters who lived in his same time, and supplements several hundred pieces of material. It strives to reflect comprehensively and accurately Wang Xianqian’s thought origin, his science and political activities in his life.The reader may know from this biographical chronology that although Wang Xianqian didn’t invented much on science, even had shortcomings such as pursuing large quantity but ignoring the quality, he indicated the method how to pursue one’s studies,‘he thoroughly analyzed the gain and loss in pursuing one’s studies’, his writings brought benefits to the academic field, offered advantages to the study person. Mr. Zhang Shunhui praised him as‘the Great Scholar in end of Qing Dynasty’, truly so. Similarly, as the government official and the scholar at that time, his thought had positive side of worrying about country and people, pursuing truth and dealing with concrete matters relating to work, but also had negative reactionary side of appreciating Emperor and blindly stringing along with Qing Dynasty. Consequently, it’s inevitable that Wang Xianqian came out to oppose when Hunan Reform Faction’s radical opinions endangered Qing Dynasty’s domination, impacted traditional cardinal guides and virtues ethics. Nevertheless, his thought was obviously different from the radical Reform Faction and the stubborn Conservative Faction, it needs to differentiate carefully. Moreover, no evidence indicates he had opposed to South Institute publicly, and he was not the first one who attacked and made burial figures to‘Current Situation Academy’.In addition, this biographical chronology has supplemented and corrected those matters which were narrated briefly even with twists and concealing in Wang Xianqian’s‘Self Biographical chronology’.更多还原