赵庄白语参考语法

【作者】 赵燕珍；

【导师】 戴庆厦；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文以“参考语法”所倡导的语言描写与研究原则为理论指导,结合语言学基本理论,用“参考语法”的写作范式,同时借鉴传统语法的描写方法,对赵庄白语的语法结构及其特点进行比较系统、全面和深入的共时描写。全文共分九章。第一章绪论。介绍本文的研究对象、内容以及研究意义;交代本文的理论指导、研究方法以及语料来源。回顾并简要评价了前人对白语的研究情况。第二章赵庄人文社会概况。介绍赵庄自然地理、经济文化,以及宗教、节庆、婚丧嫁娶、饮食服饰、禁忌等社会文化和赵庄语言使用概况。第三章语音。描写赵庄白语的声、韵、调系统以及音节结构类型;归纳赵庄白语连读变调、元音同化、合音等音变类型;其中着重介绍赵庄白语的合音音变规律;并将赵庄白语与喜洲白语的语音进行比较。第四章构词法。分形态构词法和复合构词法两节。形态构词法部分重点描写了赵庄白语的名词前缀,包括称谓前缀、指小后缀、指大后缀、类称后缀等;复合构词法部分介绍赵庄白语的并列式复合词、修饰式复合词和支配式复合词,着重分析了赵庄白语并列复合词的结构特点及其组合规律。第五章词类。共分十三节,对赵庄白语的名词、代词、数词、量词、动词、形容词、副词、连词、助词、语气词、叹词进行详细描写,突出介绍各种词类的语法特征和句法功能。其中突出介绍名词的指称和类别、人称代词的数和格、疑问代词和指示代词的构成、数词系统及其用法、名量词的强制性和分类性、拷贝型量词的发展、动词的语法化、动词的体和貌、动词重叠及情态助动词的句法位置、形容词的情状范畴、形容词的重叠;介词、副词、连词、助词、语气词、叹词的类别及其句法功能。第六章是短语。描写赵庄白语的五种短语类型,即名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语和量词短语,重点归纳各种短语的组成成分及组合顺序。第七章是句类。重点考察赵庄白语陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等四种句子功能类型。重点分析了正反问句的结构特征及其语法化趋势。第八章句型。分析和描写了赵庄白语的判断句、否定句、处置句、被动句、比较句、话题句六种句子结构类型。重点分析了判断句的类型及其结构特点、否定句中否定词的句法位置、被动句的多种句式变换及话题句的语义类型和结构特点。第九章复杂句。分析和描写赵庄白语的关系从句、补足语从句以及并列关系、主从关系。从句部分突出关系从句的限制性及核心词的相对位置、补语从句的标句词;并列关系介绍等立、顺承、转折、选择四种类型的句子结构;主从关系介绍条件句、假设句、因果句、目的句、让步句和时间句。第十章话语分析。主要对赵庄白语话语标记和话语结构进行考察。前者着重分析了句首话语标记和句尾话语标记,后者分析了首尾相连和首尾呼应两种话语结构类型。附录部分包括3000常用词汇表和长篇故事、自然对话、食品制作、儿歌、谚语、祭词等长篇语料。通过描写分析,我们对赵庄白语的语法特点有了较为深入的认识:赵庄白语的句法结构基本成分的顺序为SVO,基本语序类型表现为方式副词前置于动词,程度副词前置于形容词,否定副词前置于动词、形容词,本语固有的情态动词后置于动词。名词性短语的语序类型表现为中心语名词后置于修饰语名词,领属定语前置于中心语,形容词前置于中心语,指示词后置于中心语,量词短语后置于中心语。此外,赵庄白语不仅具有动词来源的介词(前置词),还具有方所词来源的助词(后置词)。词汇中无自动、使动的形态变化,但处置句式发达。差比句的语序类型为比较基准后置于中心语。限制性关系从句可以前置也可以后置,描写性关系从句只能前置。在句法结构形式中,赵庄白语突显话题优先,话题的结构与功能复杂。从以上语法特点来看,赵庄白语不仅具有藏缅语类型的特点,还有许多不同于多数藏缅语的突出特点,是藏缅语中一个特点独特的语言,有待于进一步深入研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation aims to synchronically make a comprehensive and systematic study on ZhaoZhuang Vernacular, a southern dialect of the Bai language. According to the instructions of reference grammar, the dissertation mainly discusses its phonological system, morphology and syntactic system and discourse structure. It consists of ten chapters.Chapter One offers the designing of the dissertation, the aim and significance of choosing this subject, the theory and method this dissertation is based on. A general looking-back to the past linguistic researches on the language is simultaneously covered.Chapter Two makes a short description of the ZhaoZhuang Vernacular-speaking nationality, including its geography, history, population, economy, social situation and a survey of the status quo of the ZhaoZhuang language use, so on and so forth.Chapter Three describes the initials, finals, tonic types and syllable canon of the ZhaoZhuang Bai language (ZZBL). Phonological inflections and phonological processes including assimilation and tonic variations are also tentatively referred. This Chapter ends with a phonological compare between ZZBL and the Xizhou Bai language.Chapter Four makes a presentation of word-building process of the language, namely, affixation and compounding. Especially, the types and its constructive rules of coordinate compounding words are concluded through abundant examples.Chapter Five is made up of thirteen sub-sections, including noun, pronoun, numeral, quantifier, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle, and interjection, respectively. Each section is a general description of the grammatical features of morphology, with special attention to their grammatical functions and peculiar syntactic behaviors, if any. For example, such phenomena as the referential and classification of nouns, the number and case of pronouns, the formation of interrogative words and demonstrative pronouns, the number system and its use ,the compulsion and classification of classifiers, and the evolution of copied classifiers are given sufficient observation and description. Attention is also paid to the grammaticalization and aspects of verbs, the syntactic location of modal verbs, the reduplication of adjectives, as well as the classification and origin of prepositions, etc. Besides the above, adverbs, conjunctions, auxiliaries, words express mood and their syntactic function are also introduced, respectively.In Chapter Six, the phrasal structure of ZZBL is divided into noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, proposition phrases and numeral phrases, among which the constituents and order are emphasized.Chapter Seven, Chapter Eight, and Chapter Night concentrate upon syntactic aspects of the language. Starting from sentence types (Chapter Seven), the dissertation goes all the way through simple clause types (Chapter Eight) to complex clause types (Chapter Night). Chapter Seven gives a full description of declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences in perspective of form and semantic. Chapter Eight puts stress on the semantic types and construction features of copula clauses, negative sentences, passive sentences, comparative sentences, topic sentences and so on. In Chapter Night, great importance is attached on the study of relative clauses, complement clauses, coordination and subordinate constructions. The section of clauses gives prominence to the restriction and the location of head of relative clauses, and the marker of complement clauses. An in-depth analysis is made on the study of four coordination types and six subordinate structure types, namely, and-coordinate, but-coordinate, or-coordinate, continue-coordinate and conditional clauses, causal clauses, purpose clauses, concessive clauses , temporal clauses, etc.Chapter Ten analyses the markers and structure of discourse in BLZZ.Appendices, the last part, contain about 3000 words and several long language materials.By descriptive study, this dissertation makes a conclusion on the grammar features of ZZBL. On the level of grammar, the order of basic elements of syntactic construction is SVO. The basic types of word order are: adverb of manner preceding verb; adverb of degree preceding noun; adverb of negative preceding verb and adjective; preposition with verbal semantic showing prepositional feature; preposition with location semantic expressing postpositional feature, and the proper name of appositional construction proceeding the generic term. The word order of noun phrases is: head after the modifier noun; genitives preceding the head; deictic after the head; adjective preceding the head; classifier phrases after the head; the relative clause preceding the head and so on. The syntactic construction form shows the priory of topics. The construction and function of topics are very complicated. Some typological features of ZZBL are similar with those of Tibeto-Burman languages, but still others are not. In another word, ZZBL is a special language in Tibeto-Burman group.It is strongly expected that the present study will be helpful to the further research of ZZBL and beneficial to the contrastive research and typological study of the Sino-Tibetan family.更多还原