【作者】 符锌砂；

【导师】 王秉纲；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 道路与铁道工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 公路线形设计是否合理是直接影响到公路运行安全的根本性问题。公路线形必须符合汽车行驶特性的要求，线形设计中应注重线形指标的选取和平、纵线形合理组合，保证公路线形指标的均衡性、一致性和线形的连续性，以满足汽车高速及安全行驶的需要。针对目前我国采用的基于设计速度的公路线形设计方法存在的局限性，本文对理论运行速度模型，以及基于理论运行速度的公路路线设计及评价方法进行了研究，其目的是建立一种在给定公路线形条件下更接近于汽车实际行驶速度的理论预测模型，以指导公路线形设计，作为线形指标取值、线形安全性评价的依据。在分析设计速度、运行速度V₈₅在公路路线设计及评价中的作用和局限性的基础上，提出了理论运行速度的概念。理论运行速度是指在路面状况良好的自由流条件下，汽车行驶只受驾驶操作行为、汽车的机械动力性能，以及公路本身线形条件影响时理论上的运行速度。论文分析和探讨了基于理论运行速度进行公路线形设计及线形连续性评价的方法与步骤，并讨论了理论运行速度在线形设计与修改方面的具体应用。理论运行速度模型的建立，充分考虑了人、车、路各种因素。本文根据汽车动力学原理，研究纵面、平面、横断面及平纵组合等诸多因素对汽车运行速度的影响，并综合考虑汽车动力性能、制动性能、行驶性能、操纵性能，和驾驶员的舒适性、安全性、驾驶操作行为特征等因素，通过理论研究建立了基于公路线形的理论运行速度预测模型。论文通过对驾驶行为和速度连续性的分析，分别对小客车和货车的期望速度进行了论证。基于汽车的动力性能和制动性能，并考虑上坡过程中的换挡操作、下坡过程中的刹车制动等操纵行为建立了基于纵断面线形的速度模型；通过对汽车的加减速过程、汽车在平曲线运行时的行车舒适性和驾驶员操纵性，及平曲线对理论运行速度不再产生影响的临界半径等方面的研究，建立了基于平面线形的速度模型；在分别预测得到基于平面和纵断面的理论运行速度基础上，取其中速度较小者为主速度、较大者作为次速度，并用次速度对主速度进行分车型的折减修正，从而得到基于平纵组合线形的速度模型；横断面对理论运行速度的影响是通过建立横断面影响因素模型，确定横断面对理论运行速度的折减值而实现的。本文建立的基于公路线形的理论运行速度模型，适用小客车、大货车等不同车型以及不同公路等级情况下的运行速度预测。通过与现场实测车速的对比研究，验证了本理论运行速度预测模型的可靠性。发计速度是目前公路设计的控制依据，决定了路线线形设计要素的最小指标值，而实际行驶速度是衡量与检查路线设计指标的合理性及相互间配合是否恰当的重要依据，其运行速度的变化幅度客观反映了线形指标的均衡性和道路线形设计的连续性。因此，本文提出的基于理论运行速度的路线设计方法与评价方法，实质上是在现有设计步骤中增加一个运用理论运行速度对初始设计进行检验和调整的设计检验阶段，根据理论运行速度在满足规范要求和运行速度一致性要求基础上对平、纵面线形技术指标进行检查并修改，使公路线形满足线形的连续性和速度的一致性要求，从而满足安全行车的要求。通过研究理论运行速度和设计速度的关系、理论运行速度变化率和线形指标及线形组合之间的相关关系，在理论运行速度模型的基础上，通过对各种评价指标的改进、整合和补充，以连续性指标为核心，建立了完整系统的一种基于分层加权的量化的线形安全性评价指标和评价体系。探讨了安全性评价体系的层次构成、提出了各个评价指标的计算模型、权重系数和评价标准，给出了公路线形安全性评价的步骤和流程，并提出量化的公路线形安全性评价综合指标模型——线形安全指数ASI。在基于线形的理论运行速度模型及公路线形安全性评价指标体系研究的基础上，进行了基于理论运行车速预测的公路安全性评价系统的设计与开发。对该系统的需求分析、系统架构、总体设计、功能设计及系统的具体实现进行了介绍，并重点讨论了线形指标规范符合性检查、路段划分、理论运行速度预测、线形技术指标评价、安全性指标量化评价等功能模块的实现方法。通过对实际公路设计项目进行的路线安全性分析和评价，验证了本文提出的理论运行速度预测模型、公路线形安全性评价体系的合理性和可行性。可以为公路线形的安全性、连续性设计提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Whether or not the highway alignment is properly designed will directly affect the safetyof highway operation.Highway alignment design must meet the requirements for vehicleoperation characteristics,with emphasis on selecting a rational combination of horizontal andvertical alignments to assure the equilibrium,consistency and continuity of highwayalignment indices,and to meet the demand for high-speed and safety operation of highways.In view of the limitations of the existing speed-based design methods of China,this thesispresents the research on theoretical operation speed models,the theoretical speed-basedhighway alignment design methods and their evaluation methods.The purpose of the researchis to establish a theoretical prediction model that is closer to the actual vehicle speed under agiven highway alignment condition.The model can be used to guide highway alignmentdesign,and the alignment index selection and alignment safety evaluation.On the basis of the effect and restriction of design speed and operation speed V85 used inalignment design and evaluation,a new concept‘theoretical operation speed’is established.Theoretical operation speed is the running speed when running is only influenced by thedriver’s operation behaviour,automobile mechanic power performance and highwayalignment itself under the condition of free flow in good road conditions.The thesis analyzesand discusses the methods and steps for the alignment design and the alignment continuityevaluation based on the theoretical operation speed,and discusses the application of thetheoretical operation speed used in the alignment design and revision.The establishment of this model takes full consideration of the factors like:pedestrian,vehicle and road.According to the principle of automobile power performance,the thesisinvestigates different influences factors on the operation speed,such as vertical,plane,crosssection and combination of horizontal and vertical alignment,a theoretical operation speedprediction model based on the highway alignment is established by comprehensivelyconsidering the performances of automobile power,braking,running,control,and driver’scomfortability,safety and operation behaviour.The expected speed of the car and truck isdemonstrated by analyzing the driver’s operation behaviour and the speed continuity;Basedon the automobile’s power and braking performance,a speed model based on verticalalignment is established considering the shifting gear in upgrade and braking in downgrade;The thesis studies the process of automobile acceleration and deceleration,running comfortand the drivers’ controllability on plane curve,and the critical radius when plane curve has no influence on the theoretical operation speed;and establishes a speed model based on thevertical alignment.For the theoretical speeds predicted based on the plane and verticalsections,the small one is the major speed,and the big one is the secondary speed.The latter isused to improve and optimize the former one with consideration of different vehicle types,and then the speed model based on the combination of horizontal and vertical section isestablished.The influence of vertical section on the theoretical operation speed is solved byestablishing models of the influence factors to get the discount value of the speed.Model ofthe theoretical operation speed established in this thesis suits for the speed predicting ofdifferent vehicles like cars and trucks in different classes of highways.With the test data insitu,the model has been proved to be reliable.Design speed,used as the controlling criteria in the current highway design,decides theminimum index value in of alignment design elements,while the actual running speed is animportant basis to check whether alignment design indexes are reasonable and the relationsamong them are suitable.The variation ratio of operation speed reflects the harmonies of thealignment indexes and the continuity of alignment design.Therefore,the design andevaluation methods developed in this thesis are in fact to add a new design-check stage in thecurrent design using the theoretical operation speed,then the technical alignment indexes ofthe horizontal and vertical alignment can be checked and revised using the theoreticaloperation speed to meet with the related specifications and operation speed consistency,tomeet the needs of alignment continuity and speed consistency,and to satisfy the runningsafety requirements.Through research on the relations between theoretical operation speed and design speedand relations between variation ratio of theoretical operation speed and alignment indexes andtheir combination,all the evaluation indexes have been improved,integrated andsupplemented based on the model of theoretical operation speed with the core of continuityindexes.This thesis establishes a complete and systematic alignment safety evaluation systembased on the graded discusses,studies the structure of safety evaluation system,proposes acalculated model,weigh coefficient and evaluation criteria of every evaluation indexes,showssteps and processes of alignment safety evaluation,and proposes a quantified newevaluation index-Alignment Safety Index (ASI).On the basis of alignment-based theoretical operation speed model and research onalignment safety evaluation index system,prediction of a highway safety evaluation systembasing on the theoretical operation speed is designed and developed.The thesis introduces the system demand analysis,framework,overall design,functional design and system realization,and focus on how to realise the functional modules,like alignment compliance check,roadsection division,theoretical operation speed prediction,alignment technical index evaluation,safety index quantifying,etc.Reasonability and feasibility of the theoretical operation speed prediction model andalignment safety evaluation system have been verified in the practical projects.Therefore itcan provide basis for the highway safety and continuity design.更多还原