【作者】 李爱良；

【导师】 刘献君； 柯佑祥；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 教育经济与管理， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 高等教育收费制度的出台是高等教育领域的一个大事件,也是社会关注的焦点之一。介入高等教育收费制度研究,常取的视角是“产品属性”和“成本分担”。从“产品属性”的视角来研究高等教育收费制度,其核心在对“为什么要收费”作理论上的辩护。高等教育属于准公共产品,完全由政府免费提供,可能引发供给不足、供给低效、供给失公等一系列问题,因而必须对使用者收取部分费用。从“成本分担”的视角来观照高等教育收费制度,其重点放在了对“什么是教育成本与如何分担成本上”。高等教育是一项成本无限膨胀的事业,仅靠政府承担,难免造成高等教育财政的长期困境,因而需要使用者分担部分教育成本。高等教育收费制度研究的“产品属性”视角与“成本分担”视角,较好地解决了高等教育收费制度中“为什么要收费”和“如何来收费”的两个重要问题。但对高等教育收费研究的视角仅局限于此,难免存在着某些缺陷。因为它没有很好地回答“为什么有的利益主体拥护制度,有的指责甚至反对制度?”“为什么有的利益主体在制度运行中获利多,有的获利少?”回答这些问题需要分析高等教育收费中的利益与利益博弈。事实上,高等教育收费制度的核心在利益,包括制度文本、制度变迁以及制度运行中的利益选择、利益博弈、利益失衡与均衡。也就是说,利益博弈研究作为一个新的研究视角,在高等教育收费制度的研究具有重要的价值和较强的必要性。从利益博弈的视角来研究高等教育收费制度,高等教育收费制度的本质是“高等教育利益分配的机制和利益博弈的规则”,而其重点关注的是“高等教育收费制度中的利益博弈问题”。这一问题包含两个层面:其一,高等教育收费制度中利益博弈的失衡;其二,高等教育收费制度利益博弈的均衡。高等教育收费制度中政府、高校与学生之间利益分配的失衡,根源在政府、高校与学生利益博弈的“非均衡”的特性。这种“非均衡”博弈,可以从制度文本、制度变迁以及制度运行中政府、高校与学生之间的利益博弈现实来考察。考察的结果表明:无论是在制度文本、制度变迁,还是制度运行中,政府、高校与学生的组织地位、占有资源、掌控信息与依靠力量存在明显差异,导致了高等教育收费制度利益博弈的非均衡。正是高等教育收费制度利益博弈的“非均衡”,造成制度的目的性失衡、结构性失衡、实施性失衡与功能性失衡。而制度的种种失衡影响了政府、高校与学生利益分配的公正,引发了政府、高校与学生之间利益的失衡。高等教育收费制度中政府、高校与学生之间利益分配的失衡,强化了公众尤其是学生对制度的指责和反感,降低了制度运行的效力。高等教育收费制度要得到公众和学生的认可,并合理、公正地运行,必须平衡政府、高校与学生的利益:平衡利益主体之间的不同利益诉求;平衡利益主体的不同谋利手段;平衡利益主体不同利益形态的追求。这种平衡的实现,需要对高等教育收费制度作某些调整,调整的原则是平衡政府、高校与学生的利益博弈能力,变非均衡博弈为相对均衡的博弈,而措施主要表现为:引入收费听证制度,构建利益表达机制;引入信息公开制度,构建利益约束机制;完善助学体系,构建利益补偿机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 The existence of the higher education charge system is a big event in the educational field as well as one of social focuses. We usually take these two angles of view,“the products attribute”and“the cost shares”, to analyze the higher education charge system. From the angle of“products attribute”, our research core is to do the academic vindication about the doubt that why the universities want to charge for admission. The higher education belongs to the public products, if all the fee will be provided by the government freely, then it will lead to the short supply, the inefficiency supply, unfair supply and other series of problems. Therefore, the universities must charge the partial fee to the users. If we take the angle of view from“the cost shares”to analyze the higher education charge system, our main concern will be about the question“what the education cost is and how to share the cost”. The higher education is a cost infinite inflation enterprise. If all the costs only depend on the government, it will create its long-term financial difficulties, thus universities need the users to share the partial education costs.Two angles of view,“the product attribute”and“the cost shares”, have solved the two major problems in the higher education charge system well,“why the universities charge the admission”and“how to charge”. But if our research of the higher education charge system only limits to these two angles, it certainly has its shortcomings. On the surface, the higher education charge is about the charge of admission, but in fact, the charge includes the higher educational benefit’s assignment and adjustment. Actually, the higher education charge system’s core includes the benefit choice, benefit gambling and benefit fairness. That is, the benefit research as a new research angle of view plays an important role in the higher education charge system’s research.Studying the higher education charge system from the benefit angle of view, we know that the higher education charge system’s essence is“the higher education benefit assignment methods and the benefit gambling rules”, with its key attention is its benefit gambling problem. This question contains two aspects: higher education charge system benefit gambling imbalance and higher education charge system benefit gambling balance.The imbalance of the benefit assignment among the government, universities and college students in the higher education charge system lies in the their benefit gambling“non-balanced”the characteristics. This“non-balanced”gambling may be analyzed from the system text, the system vicissitude as well as the benefit gambling reality inspects among the government, the university and student during the system operation. The investigation result indicates that no matter the system text, system vicissitude or the system operation, the apparent differences of organization status, resources holding, the information controlling and the dependence strength among government, the universities and students have caused the non-balanced benefit gambling. It is such“non-balanced”benefit gambling of the higher education charge system that causes the unbalanced system purpose and the unbalanced constitutive property, the unbalanced implementation and functionality. Then the unbalance of system’s operation has affected the profit-sharing fairness of government, the universities and students which has initiated the benefit imbalance among the government, universities and college students.The imbalance of the benefit assignment among the government, universities and college students in the higher education charge system strengthened the public particularly students’accusation and the repugnance towards that charge system, reducing the potency of that system’s operation. In order to obtain public and students’approval and its reasonable and fair operation, we must balance the government, the university and students’benefit in this charge system. That is to balance different interest demands among different subjects; to balance different profit-seeking ways; to balance divergent interest-pursuing methods. This realization of balance needs to make certain adjustments to the present higher education charge system. This adjustment principle is to balance the benefit gambling ability of government, the universities and students, to replace non-balanced gambling with relatively balanced gambling. The main performance is to introduce charge hearing system, found benefit expression mechanism; bring in information disclosure system, set up benefit restraint mechanism; improve the assistance system, carry out the benefit compensation mechanism.更多还原