【作者】 郑言贞；

【导师】 张密林；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 材料学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 超级电容器是一种新型储能电源,电极材料是保证其具有高性能的基础。本论文主要研究了RuO₂·xH₂0薄膜电极、纳米NiO电极及复合电极材料的制备和电容特性,取得了良好的研究结果。本文采用阴极电沉积法在Ti基体上制备RuO₂·xH₂O薄膜电极,研究其表面结构和电化学性能,并研究沉积量对氧化钉薄膜电极比容量的影响,提出最佳沉积量。试验表明:所制备的RuO₂·xH₂O薄膜电极比容量高达786 F/g,充放电效率为99.6%,具有良好的功率特性和优异的循环寿命。在超声波条件下运用沉淀法制备RuO₂·xH₂O/CNTs复合材料,对氧化钌电极进行改性,氧化钌的比容量达到865 F/g。采用阴极电沉积法制备RuO₂·xH₂O/CNTs纳米粉体,在1.0 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中,CNTs和RuO₂·xH₂O/CNTs电极的比容量分别为18和159 F/g。表明CNTs的复合提高了氧化钌的利用率,改善其功率特性。分别采用化学沉淀法、熔盐合成法和水热合成法制备具有不同形貌的纳米NiO电极材料,并于2.0 mol/L KOH溶液中研究所制备的NiO电极材料的赝电容性能,结果表明:在2.0 mol/L KOH溶液中,NiO具有良好的赝电容特性,最高比容量分别达到92,65.4和137 F/g。采用化学共沉淀法制备稀土掺杂NiO,研究不同稀土元素掺杂对NiO电极电化学性能的影响,找出最佳掺杂稀土元素;详细研究掺Dy氧化镍电极的结构和电化学性能,试验结果表明:当Dy与Ni的摩尔比为2:98时,比容量达到147 F/g。以十二烷基苯磺酸钠为模板剂,尿素为沉淀剂,利用均匀沉淀法-热处理制备出多孔结构的NiO/CNTs复合材料,其比表面积高达228 m2/g。首次研究NiO/CNTs复合材料在2.0 mol/L KOH电解液中的大电流充放电性能。在大电流密度2 A/g条件下,复合材料的比电容高达191 F/g,具有优异的循环性能。当CNT比例为10%时,复合材料的最高比容量可高达206 F/g。将NiO与NiO/CNTs组装得到扣式电容器,电容量分别为4.4 F和6.4 F。更多还原

【Abstract】 Supercapacitor is a new kind of energy storage device.Electrode material is the basis to guarantee supercapacitor with excellent supercapacitive properties. This dissertation mainly investigated preparation and supercapacitive performance of RuO₂·xH₂O film electrode, nano NiO electrode and their composite electrode materials. Good results have been gained in this dissertation.Cathodic electrochemical deposition method was introduced to prepare RuO₂·xH₂O film on Ti electrode. Its surface structure, electrochemical performance and influence of specific capacitance on deposited weight of RuO₂·xH₂O were studied, furthermore to find the best deposited weight. The result indicated that the specific capacitance of RuO₂·xH₂O reaches 786 F/g, with the discharge-charge efficiency of 99.6%.The RuO₂·xH₂O electrode shows good power characteristic and an excellent cycle performance.RuO₂ was deposited on CNTs to get RuO₂·xH₂O/CNTs composites by ultrasonic synthesis process. RuO₂ were modified with CNTs, and the specific capacitance of RuO₂·xH₂O reaches 865 F/g. The RuO₂·xH₂O/CNTs nano composite powder was prepared by cathodic deposition method. In 1.0 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution, the specific capacitances of CNTs and RuO₂·xH₂O/CNTs nano composite were 18 and 159 F/g, respectively. The results display that CNTs was composed to enhance the utilization of RuO₂ and improve the power characteristics of RuO₂.Nano NiO electrode material with various morphologies was prepared by the methods of chemical precipitation, molten salt synthesis and hydrothermal synthesis, respectively. Pseudocapacitance behavior of the as prepared NiO electrode was studied in 2.0 mol/L KOH solution. The result exhibited that NiO electrodes showed excellent pseudocapacitance characteristics in 2.0 mol/L KOH solution and their highest specific capacitances are 92, 65.4 and 137 F/g.Rare earth elements doped nano-NiO electrodes were fabricated by chemical co-deposition reaction. Influence of NiO electrochemical capacitive performance on different rare earth elements were investigated to Find the best rare earth element doped. The results indicated that when ratio of n（Dy） to n（NiO） is 2:98, The specific capacitance of the Dy doped NiO electrode reaches 147 F/g.Porous nickel oxide/ carbon nanotubes （NiO/CNTs） composite precursor was synthesized using sodium dodecyl phenyl sulfate as a soft template and urea as hydrolysis-controlling agent. After heat treatment, NiO with a high specific surface area of 228 m²/g was obtained. The charge/discharge capability of the NiO/CNTs composite at a high specific current density were studied for the first time in 2.0 mol/L KOH electrolyte. The composite has a specific capacitance of 191 F/g and shows an excellent cycle performance at a high current density of 2 A/g. A specific capacitance approximate to 206 F/g has achieved with NiO/CNTs （10 wt.%）.Supercapcitors are fabricated using pure NiO and NiO/CNTs composite as electrode material, and their capacitances for supercapcitors are 4.4 and 6.4 F,respectively.更多还原