【作者】 高云虹；

【导师】 张建华；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 西方经济学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 20世纪90年代中期以来,伴随着我国体制内改革的深化、城市经济的快速发展及城市居民人均收入水平的普遍提高,我国的城市贫困问题迅速凸现并日益严峻。本研究循着描述、解释、预测和规范的四步顺序,在文献梳理及实地调查的基础上,运用定性分析和定量分析、历史分析与逻辑演绎、实证分析与规范分析等方法,尝试对我国转型时期的城市贫困问题作以系统研究。主要内容可概括如下:1、文章首先通过整理国内外已有相关文献发现,在城市贫困的理论研究方面,我国无论是研究方法还是研究内容都需要进一步深化、转变和拓展。2、由于缺少流动人口的统计数据,所以本文第2章仅以城市户籍人口作为分析对象考察了我国现阶段城市贫困人口的规模,并对比分析了不同年份、不同地区的城市贫困线,及其与最低保障线和收入/支出之间的关系。虽然,相关数据与现实情况相比必然存在较大低估,但是仍然能够说明这样几点:(1)我国的城市贫困人口主要分布在中、西部地区;(2)不同地区的城市贫困线各不相同,为了避免高估中西部地区贫困状况及低估东部地区贫困状况,所以不宜在全国采用同一个贫困线;(3)贫困线上方附近存在着大量的贫困边缘家庭,这部分高风险人群对于贫困线的变动非常敏感;(4)各省市的理论贫困线与其实际救助线(即“低保线”)之间存在着较大脱节,但即便如此,两者之间仍然具有较高相关性。3、本文第3章以城市贫困人口的两大构成主体,即城市贫困失业职工和城市贫困农民工为分析对象,一方面考察了城市户籍人口按照受教育程度、性别、年龄阶段、就业状况和职业特征等进行分类时的贫困率状况,以及流动人口的贫困发生概率,另一方面,考察了城市贫困群体表现在生活、心理、行为、居住区位等方面的一些共性特征。一般说来,城市贫困率与文化程度呈反方向变动;年轻人比老年人更容易陷入贫困;具有农业户口成员的城市家庭以及进城务工人员更容易陷入贫困;下岗失业人员、丧失劳动能力者、残疾或慢性病患者以及家务劳动者更容易陷入贫困;但城市贫困的性别差异并不明显。就流动人口的贫困状况而言,从总体上来看,其贫困率和贫困程度都较之城市当地人口更为严重,但不同城市其具体情况又有所不同。在城市贫困人口的特征方面,文章着重分析了这样几点:入不敷出的经济窘况、以食物为主的消费结构、匮乏的各类资本(包括物质的、人力的、社会的和环境的);低下的社会地位、较低的就业或再就业率、严重的悲观情绪和群体意识,以及日渐突出的城市贫困聚居现象等等。4、本文第4章侧重于宏观层面分析了我国转型时期城市贫困产生和加剧的根源与机制,这涉及到制度和政策、结构调整,以及剥夺、排斥和贫困文化等多重因素。(1)经济社会转型过程中的各项制度改革,如收入分配制度、社会保障制度、城市就业制度,以及城乡二元的户籍制度等等,都影响着我国城市贫困的发生和发展。(2)就转型背景下的产业结构变动而言,主要是通过改变各产业部门之间、各产业部门内部、各行业甚至各企业间的劳动力构成,进而对其收入差距发生作用,并形成低收入、低素质低层次产业部门就业(或失业)低收入(或无工作收入)这样一个难以在短期内冲破的贫困恶性循环。而且,越是当市场对资源的配置居于主导作用时,这种变动对城市贫困的影响就越明显。此外,转型时期的产业结构调整与其它相关政策和文化因素的综合作用,导致了我国特有的城市农民工贫困问题。(3)虽然我国尚未形成有形的贫困文化,但整个社会对贫困群体的歧视和排斥却普遍存在。尤其是农民工,城市对这一特殊群体的排斥和歧视表现在政策和非政策两个方面。5、本文第5章以兰州市作为具体案例,通过实地的入户调查资料和相关统计数据,深入剖析了该市贫困人口表现在收入、消费、住房、教育和医疗,以及社会和心理等各方面的困境,及其城市贫困形成的宏、微观原因。6、本文第6章落脚于我国城市贫困的治理方面,依据体现在世界发展报告中的减贫思想来构筑我国的城市反贫困战略框架,并指出,我们所有的工作都必须以贫困者生活和福利状况的改善与否以及改善程度作为出发点。具体来讲,(1)可通过采取有利于贫困群体的增长模式、改善投资环境、鼓励非公有经济发展等途径扩大贫困者参与经济生活的机会;(2)可通过制定和深化防范贫困的政策措施、加强制度建设并以法治保护贫困者权利、改善政府治理以提供惠及贫困者的服务,以及积极推进贫困者的资产建设等途径促进赋权;(3)可通过进一步完善现有社会保障和保险,以城市居民最低生活保障制度为基础(其中也包括农民工的低保制度建设),并结合教育、医疗、住房等其它相关政策,从而形成综合性的社会保障和救助体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the middle 1990s, because the urban economy is being quickly developed and the income level of the urban and rural citizens is increasing, the urban poverty in China appeared quickly and became serious gradually. Followed with four steps of what, why, how and should, based on the literature carding and field investigating, the study makes a system research of the present urban poverty in China with the methods of integrating theory with practice, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, historical analysis and logical deduction, positive analysis and normative analysis.The study includes the following chapters.The first chapter finds out that both the study approaches and the study contents need further to deepen, transform and extend in the study of the urban poverty theory through sorting the related literature both abroad and at home.Chapter 2, taking the population who have the urban household register as the analyzing object, reviews its size of suffering the poverty and analyzes the relations between the urban poverty line and the lowest safeguard line as well as earnings/expenditures through comparing that of in different years and districts. While the relative data are underestimated compared with the reality, the study still shows the followings: (1) the urban poverty population disperses over the central and west China; (2) different districts have different poverty line, in order to avoid overestimating for the poverty actuality in central and west China and underestimating for the poverty actuality in east China, it is not suitable to have a same poverty line in China; (3) there are a large quantity of population are sensible to the change of the poverty line because they are families in the position of the poverty verge; (4) the theoretical poverty line and the actual salvation line are out of joint in some cases but there are high degree of relativity between them.The third chapter reviews the probability of poverty arising accompanied in classifying according to the degree of the education, the sex, the age, the employment status and the profession features of the population who have the urban household register, the chapter also reviews the general character expressed in their life, mind, behaviors and residential area. Generally, the rate of the urban poverty is reverse to the education degree; the young is easier to the poverty status than the old; the urban household has the rural registered residence and the farmer workers are easy to the poverty status; the unemployed person, the people losing the ability to work, the disabled or the chronic patients, or the housework workers are easy to the poverty status; but there are no clear sex difference. To the features of the urban poverty population, the study focuses on the following aspects: the economic embarrassment of living beyond income, the consumption structure of concerning with the food, the short of the various capital, the low social position, the low employment rate or re-employment rate, serious pessimism mood and group consciousness, and inhabited in a region of the urban poverty population, etc.Chapter 4, focused on the macro level, analyzes the foundation and mechanism that cause and prick up the urban poverty in transitional China which is concerned in many aspects such as the institutional factors, structural adjustment, deprivation, reprobation and poverty culture. (1) The different institutional reforms such as revenue allocation system, social security system, urban employment system, household registration system are impacting the arising and developing of the China’s urban poverty. (2) Under the industrial structure transformation, it forms a vicious circle of the poverty (lower income and lower quality employment in lower level industries or unemployment lower income or no income) that can not break in a short time since there are income differences because of the forms of the labor in or between the different industries and different enterprises. The circle has the obvious effect to the urban poverty with the market economy in its leading position. In addition, the synthetic factors from the industrial structure adjustment and the other related policies and cultures lead to the special urban poverty in transitional China. (3) While there is no tangible poverty culture, there exists the discrimination and reprobation to the poverty groups, especially to the farmer workers, from the whole society which are showing in policy and non-policy level.Based on the survey information and statistical data,the fifth chapter,taking Lanzhou as the case,analyses the predicament of the poor in this city, such as income,consumption, houing,education,medical treatment,and psychology,etc. Then, analyses the macroscopical and microcosmic causes of formation of Lanzhou’s urban poverty.Chapter 6 focuses on governing the urban poverty and builds China’s strategic frame to fight against the urban poverty according to the thought of decreasing poverty advocated by the World Development Report and points out that all of works should start with the metric of whether the work improve the poverty’s welfare or not and its improving degree. Particularly, it can take many measurements to form a synthetic social security and salvation system. Such measurements include: to adopt favorable growth model to the poverty group, to improve the investment environment, to develop the non-public-owned economy, to strengthen the institutional and legal construction, to improve the government governing and to combine other related policy in education, medicine and housing, all of which are based on the survival safeguard system to the urban poverty population.更多还原