中国入世与国内改革

【作者】 任湘怡；

【导师】 龙永图；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际政治， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文从国际力量影响国内政治理论的角度出发,以中国入世这样一个在中国历史上具有重要意义的事件为案例,考察中国入世过程中,国际力量对国内政治经济和社会变革的影响。本文首先界定了中国入世是一个外因(国际力量主导的全球化)和内因(国内力量主导的政策变革)互动的过程。外因的推动,使得国内改革不断取得新的进展,而这些进展本身,又为外因的进一步推动国内更深层次的改革奠定了基础,使得改革不断向更高层次发展。正是这种内外因的互动才使得中国通过入世加速融入了国际体系,使中国成为既是全球化的积极推动者,又是全球化的最大受益者。本文在理论上梳理了国际力量影响国内政治的相关论述,并指出20世纪90年代以来国际政治经济学研究发生了从政治学视角向经济学视角的转变。本文认为,国际力量对国内政治的影响,通过理念传播、利益分化和政治联盟等中介环节实现。国内行为体对国际力量进行回应的同时,使得国际力量产生适合一国具体情况的变形。在中国入世的过程中,国际力量对国内利益群体、决策精英群体和理念推广群体产生影响,这三大群体的交互作用影响了国内经济、政治、社会变革。在此基础上,本文从“线”和“点”两方面,探讨国际力量在入世过程中对中国政治经济和社会变革的影响。首先,本文从时间的线性角度,分析入世历程与国内政治经济结构变革的关系;其次,本文通过对国民待遇原则、市场准入原则和透明度原则的分析,探讨国际力量对国内政治经济和社会变革的影响。在分析中,本文得出结论:入世对中国政治、经济、社会变革存在着三方面影响:首先,入世为中国政治经济变革提供了制度创新的动力,使得国内制度各个层面与国际规范发生互动。其次,入世要求加快了政治经济变革的速度。为了承担入世的义务,中国在经济政策、行政机构改革和法制体系方面进行了大规模的调整,清理了与关税及贸易总协定和世界贸易组织所不相适应的地方规章和制度。第三,入世通过外部承诺为政治经济变革的成果提供了保障,使国内政策实现更加符合市场体制的经济政治体制变革。本文还通过对中国入世过程中国内政策变革的分析,对国际力量与国内政策变革之间的规律进行了探讨。本文认为,第一,国际力量影响国内政策变革的前提:国内政治经济制度存在国际化的要求。国内政治经济制度的国际化要求,降低了国内与国际的制度壁垒,使得国际力量的影响力成为可能。第二,国际力量影响国内政策变革的渠道:国内中介环节的互动作用。第三,国际力量影响国内政策变革的方式:自我循环和逐步放大。以中国的实际情况而言,国际力量对国内政策的影响,并不只限于一个领域——在国际经济力量的影响下,传统计划经济体制中资源配置的方式和经济运行的方式受到重大挑战;随着经济政策的变革,经济管理方式——政府经济权力的来源和大小也受到了挑战;而政府管理经济方式的转变,意味着政府对相关社会信息领域的管理同样需要变革,这就使得基于经济领域的变革最终扩大到社会领域。在此基础上,本文建议,面对国际力量,一国国内不是毫无作为的。国家需要确立应对健康国际压力的信心,健康的国际压力是促使一国发展的动力。中国入世的历史经验既是“以开放促改革”的具体实践,又是中国主动承接国际压力,推动国家发展的历程。更多还原

【Abstract】 This is a study of the evolving relationship between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the world economic system, based on the theory of how domestic actors response to the international forces.China’s entry to WTO is a process under the interactive forces of external factors and internal causes. The external forces exerted great influences on the domestic reform, and each progress of reform became new driving power on further reform in China, which in turn speed up China’s embracing of international forces. Because of the interactive forces between inside and outside actors, China becomes a biggest beneficiary of globalization and a positive pusher of globalization as well.This study has combed theory of how domestic actors response to the international forces, especially "The Second Image Reversed Theory" aroused by an American scholar Peter Gourevitch. The study provides a chance to examine carefully the IPE theory development from political angle to economic angle in 1990s, which enticed more and more scholars to explore the impact of the international system on domestic politics. The study argues that in the case of China’s entry to WTO, interest groups, political-decision makers and theory promoters are the main intermediate channels. This article believed that the impact of international forces on domestic politics is undergoing, through the idea dissemination, the benefit differentiation and the political union. The intermediate channels are so built up.Based on this, this study is composed by two aspects. First, in the stream line of history, this article discusses the relationship between the process of China’ s entry to WTO and the meanwhile domestic open and reform policy choices. Second, this article analysis the impact of international forces on domestic policy changes in the field of economic, political, and social as well, under the guide of national treatment principle, market access principle and the transparency principle.This article draws the conclusion of that the impact of international forces on domestic policy in the case of China’s entry to WTO lies on three aspects. First, China’s entry to WTO provided innovation power of institutions which causes interactions between each layer of domestic politics with international standards. Second, China’s entry to WTO accelerates the speed of domestic reforms. In order to undertake WTO duties, China undertook a large scale policy adjustment in the field of economy, administrative institution and legal system, and cleaned up the local rules and regulations which do not adapted with GATT and WTO rules. Third, China’s entry to WTO provides safeguard to domestic reform achievements through exterior pledges.The study makes a premier research on the interact principals of international forces and domestic policy changes. The study argues that, firstly the premise of international forces impact on domestic policies is the domestic need of internationalization. Secondly, the channels of international forces impact on domestic policies are the interaction between domestic actors. Thirdly, the means of international forces impact on domestic policies are self-circulation. In the case of China’s entry to WTO, the impact lies not merely in the field of economy. China’s economic reform challenged the way government manage economic affairs, which in turn arouse the request of political reform.This study suggested that facing the international pressure, a country needs to establish the confidence. And healthy international pressure is somehow good push power of development. The case of China’s entry to WTO, is both the historic experience of "By opens presses the reform", and a national development course of initiatively contract with international pressure.更多还原