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三嗪、庚嗪衍生物的合成及结构和性质表征

Preparations, Structures and Properties of Triazine and Heptazine Derivatives

【作者】 朱宝勇

【导师】 崔得良; 景海鹏;

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 , 材料学, 2008, 博士

【摘要】 自1989年A.Y.Liu和M.Cohen预言了β-C3N4(氮化碳)的硬度可能超过金刚石以来,人们对这种材料的制备表现出了极大的兴趣。后来的理论研究表明,氮化碳可能具有多种物相和很多优良的物理性能。尽管人们采用了多种手段对氮化碳的合成或制备进行了探索和研究,但截至目前,据我们所知还没有比较肯定的研究结果的报道。由于构成氮化碳所有物相的基本结构单元为三嗪环或庚嗪环,因此,也有一些关于这些基本结构单元及其衍生物的研究报道。这些研究,不仅使人们加深了对这些基本结构单元的合成、结构和性质等方面的认识,也有助于使人们找到合适的前驱体来研究氮化碳的合成。本论文的主要内容是报道一些三嗪环或庚嗪环衍生物的合成及其结构和性质的表征。三聚氰胺和氯化铵的固相反应产物分别在水热条件下经盐酸、氢溴酸和硝酸溶解结晶出无色透明晶体C3H5N5OCl,C3H5N5OBr和C3H5N5ONO3。这三种晶体都属于单斜晶系,P2(1)/c空间群,每个单胞中都含有4个分子。C3H5N5OCl的晶胞参数为:a=5.356(5)(?),b=14.646(5)(?),c=8.119(5)(?),β=90.028(5)°,V=636.9(7)(?)3;C3H5N5OBr的晶胞参数为a=5.257(5)(?),b=8.834(5)(?),c=14.663(5)(?),β=98.283°,V=673.9(8)(?)3;C3H5N5ONO3的晶胞参数a=9.318(5)(?),b=6.347(5)(?),c=13.537(5)(?),β=108.147(5)°,V=760.8(8)(?)3。在这三种化合物的晶体结构中,三嗪环作为分子的基本结构单元形成了一价质子化的三嗪环阳离子,这些阳离子以氢键键合形成了阳离子层或串。三聚氰胺在450℃熔融后冷却到室温所得的白色产物在水热条件下用稀硫酸溶解并结晶形成无色透明块状晶体。晶体结构分析表明,该晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为C2/c,分子式为C3N6H8SO4,每个单胞中含有8个分子,其晶胞参数为a=18.5787(3)(?),b=8.6272(2)(?),c=12.7945(4)(?),β=129.739°,V=1576.94(7)(?)3。在该晶体中二价阳离子由三聚氰胺质子化后形成,两个阳离子通过两个N-H…N氢键连接形成二聚体[(C3H8N6)2]4+,该二聚体[(C3H8N62]4+的两个三聚氰胺阳离子处在一个平面内,和周围十个SO42-阴离子通过九个N-H…O氢键连接起来形成二维层状结构。这些二维平面通过氢键作用以及层与层间的π-π作用堆积形成三维超分子结构。三聚氰胺在450℃保温5h条件下的黄色热解产物分别在水热条件下经稀硫酸和高氯酸溶解结晶形成无色透明棒状和片状晶体,其分子式分别为C6N10H8SO4·2H2O和C6N10H7ClO4·H2O。将这种黄色产物在水热条件下结晶形成无色透明棒状晶体,其分子式为C6N10H6·H2O。C6N10H8SO4·2H2O晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/n,每个晶胞中有4个分子,晶胞参数为a=6.903(5)(?),b=20.237(5)(?),c=9.617(5),β=90.028(5)°,V=1327.1(12)(?)3。C6N10H7ClO4·H2O晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,每个晶胞中有两个分子,晶胞参数为a=7.265(5)(?),b=7.577(5)(?),c=12.071(5)(?),α=71.747(5)°,β=90.028(5)°,γ=71.072(5)°,V=590.2(6)(?)3。C6N10H6·H2O晶体属于三方晶系,空间群为R-3c,每个晶胞中有18个分子,晶胞参数为a=28.796(5)(?),b=28.796(5)(?),c=6.736(5)(?),V=4837(4)(?)3。在C6N10H8SO4·2H2O和C6N10H7ClO4·H2O的晶体结构中,阴离子的配对离子都是质子化的庚嗪环,分别为C6N10H82+和C6N10H7+阳离子。这些阳离子通过氢键与结晶水以及SO42-或ClO4-中的O原子键合形成二维平面。面与面之间靠氢键和π-π作用堆积形成三维结构。在C6N10H6·H2O晶体中,每个单胞中有两个完整的孔洞,每个孔洞由六个C6N7(NH23分子通过N-H…N氢键连接围成。结晶水分子沿孔洞的内壁填充在孔洞中。在水热条件下,三聚氰胺和三氯均三嗪分别与NaCl、CuCl2和AgNO3反应,形成的晶体分子式分别为C3H2N3O3Na·H2O、(C3H2N3O32Cu·(NH32和(C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O。C3H2N3O3Na·H2O2晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,每个晶胞中有2个分子,晶胞参数为a=3.5987(1)(?),b=9.1257(1)(?),c=9.2311(1)(?),α=91.139(1)°,β=99.159(1)°,γ=91.535(1)°,V=299.093(1)(?)3。(C3H2N3O3)2Cu·(NH32晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,每个晶胞中有2个分子,晶胞参数为a=5.044(5)(?),b=6.998(5)(?),c=9.112(5)(?),α=90.271(5)°,β=98.083(5)°,γ=110.837(5)°,V=297.1(4)(?)3。(C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O晶体属于正交晶系,空间群为Fddd,每个晶胞中有8个分子,晶胞参数为a=9.6265(7)(?),b=12.5004(8)(?),c=37.097(3)(?),V=4464.1(5)(?)3。在C3H2N3O3Na·H2O晶体中除了存在Na-O离子键作用外,还存在氢键作用和π-π堆积作用。在(C3H2N3O32Cu·(NH32晶体中,二价铜离子被两个C3H2N3O3-阴离子线性配位,配位分子间通过N-H…O氢键作用连接形成孔状结构。在(C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O晶体中,三聚氰酸离子靠配位键和分子间氢键连接成二维平面,这些二维平面通过Ag-Ag作用、π-π作用和氢键作用形成三维结构。(C3H2N3O32Cu·(NH32和(C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O的室温荧光光谱分析和热重分析表明,这两种化合物都是热稳定良好的发光材料。

【Abstract】 Since A. Y. Liu and M. Cohen predicted in 1989 theoretically that the hardness ofβ-C3N4 (carbon nitride) might be harder than diamond, many researchers have showed a great interest in this potential material. Theoretical calculations indicated that carbon nitride might have a few phases and possess a variety of interesting physical properties. Tremendous efforts have been investigated to synthesize carbon nitride so far. However, to our knowledge, there have been no convincing results. According to theoretical calculations, building block of carbon nitride is triazine or heptazine. There are quite a few studies on triazine or heptazine and their derivatives. These investigations not only offer the science communities to understand the structures and properties of building blocks, but may also help them find suitable routes, e.g. via precursors, to prepare carbon nitride. The contents of the present thesis are the synthesis and structure characterizations of some new derivatives of triazine and heptazine.The product obtained via the solid state reaction of melamine and ammonium chloride was dissolved under hydrothermal conditions in dilute hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and nitric acid, respectively. Colorless crystalline compounds were obtained after evaporation of the solutions. Single crystal structure analyses show that chemical formulas of the compounds are C3H5N5OCl, C3H5OBr and C3H5N5ONO3, respectively.All the three crystal structures belong to the monoclinic system with P2(1)/c space group. There are four molecules in each unit cell. The unit cell parameters are as follows: C3H5N5OCl: a = 5.356(5) (?), b = 14.646(5) (?), c = 8.119(5) (?),β= 90.028(5)°, V= 636.9(7) (?)3; C3H5N5OBr: a = 5.257(5) (?), b = 8.834(5) (?), c = 14.663(5) (?),β= 98.283°, V = 673.9(8) (?)3; C3H5N5ONO3: a = 9.318(5) (?), b = 6.347(5) (?), c = 13.537(5) (?),β= 108.147(5)°, V = 760.8(8) (?)3. In the crystals, Mono-protonated triazine cations are the basic structure unit. They form layers or strands of cations via hydrogen bonds.By dissolving the white pyrolysis product of melamine in dilute sulfuric acid under hydrothermal conditions, colorless crystals were obtained after condensing the solution. The chemical formula of the crystalline compound is C3N6H8SO4. The crystal structure belongs to monoclinic system with C2/c space group. There are eight molecules in one unit cell (Z = 8). The unit cell parameters of this crystal structure are: a = 18.5787(3) (?), b = 8.6272(2) (?), c = 12.7945(4) (?),β= 129.739°, V = 1576.94(7) (?)3.In the crystal structure, two diprotonated melamine cations are connected via N-H...N hydrogen bonds forming into [(C3H8N62]4+ dimers. The two melaminium cations of one dimer are in the same plane. Each [(C3H8N62]4+ dimer is surrounded by ten sulfate anions, which connect the melaminium dimers with adjacent melaminium cations via N-H...O hydrogen bonds, forming two-dimensional layers. Three-dimensional supramolecular framework is constructed by stacking the layers via multiple hydrogen bonds and n-n interactions.From the hydrochloric and perchloric solution in an autoclave of the yellow pyrolysis product of melamine , colorless crystalline compounds were obtained after evaporation of the solvents. The chemical formulas of the compounds are C6N10H8SO4·2H2O and C6N10H7ClO4·H2O, respectively. Another colorless crystalline compound was obtained after the yellow product was treated under hydrothermal conditions in an autoclave. The chemical formula of the compound is C6N10H6·H2O.The structure parameters of the above three crystals are: C6N10HNio8SO4·2H2O: monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 6.903(5) (?), b = 20.237(5) (?), c = 9.617(5),β= 90.028(5)°, V = 1327.1(12) (?)3. Z = 4; C6N10H7ClO4·H2O: triclinic, P-1, a = 7.265(5) (?), b = 7.577(5) (?), c = 12.071(5) (?),α= 71.747(5)°,β= 90.028(5)°,γ= 71.072(5)°, V = 590.2(6) (?)3, Z = 2; C6N10H6·H2O: trigonal, R-3c, a = 28.796(5) (?), b = 28.796(5) (?), c = 6.736(5) (?), V = 4837(4) (?)3, Z = 18.In the crystal structures of C6N10H8SO4·2H2O and C6N10H7ClO4·H2O, protonated heptazine C6N10H82+ and C6N10H7+ are the counterions of SO42- and ClO4-, respectively. The heptazine cations are connected via hydrogen bonds, forming two dimensional layers. Strong hydrogen bonds and n-n interactions between the layers render the crystal structures with the feature of three-dimensional frameworks. In the crystal structure of C6N10H6H2O, there are two holes in one unit cell and each of them is built up by six C6N10H6 molecules connected by N-H-N hydrogen bonds. Water molecules are filled in the holes.Under hydrothermal conditions, the reactions of melamine and triazine chloride with corresponding metal salts produced three metal-cyanurate complexes. Their chemical formulas are C3H2N3O3Na·H2O, (C3H2N3O32Cu(NH32 and (C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O, respectively.Both C3H2N3O3Na·H2O and (C3H2N3O32Cu(NH32 belong to triclinic system with P-1 space group. There are two molecules in one unit cell each. Their unit cell parameters are as follows: C3H2N3O3Na·H2O: a = 3.5987(1) (?), b = 9.1257(1) (?), c = 9.2311(1) (?),α= 91.139(1)°,β= 99.159(1)°,γ= 91.535(1)°, V = 299.093(1) (?)3; (C3H2N3O32Cu(NH32: a = 5.044(5) (?), b = 6.998(5) (?), c = 9.112(5) (?),α= 90.271(5)°,β= 98.083(5)°,γ= 110.837(5)°, V = 297.1(4) (?)3.The crystal structure of (C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O belongs to orthorhombic system with Fddd space group. The unit cell parameters are a = 9.6265(7) (?), b = 12.5004(8) (?), c = 37.097(3) (?), V = 4464.1(5) (?)3, Z = 8.Besides Na-O ionic bond interactions, there are hydrogen bonds andπ-πinteractions in the crystal structure of C3H2N3O3Na·H2O. In the crystal structure of (C3H2N3O32Cu·(NH32, each Cu2+ cation is coordinated by two C3H2N3O3- anions linearly. The complex molecules are connected via the intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonds forming holes. In the crystal structure of (C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O, the cyanurate anions are linked by coordination bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, forming 2D sheets which are perpendicular to b axis. These sheets are further linked to form infinite 3D coordination framework by Ag...Ag interactions, intermolecular offset n-n stacking interactions and weak hydrogen bonds. Photoluminescence and thermogravimetric analyses indicate that (C3H2N3O32Cu·(NH32 and (C3H2N3O34Ag2·H2O are thermally stable luminescent materials.

【关键词】 氮化碳三嗪环庚嗪环水热
【Key words】 carbon nitridetriazineheptazinehydrothermal conditions
  • 【网络出版投稿人】 山东大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2008年 12期
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