冷战后美国对外军事行动的动因研究

【作者】 韩庆娜；

【导师】 熊志勇；

【作者基本信息】 外交学院 ， 国际关系， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 冷战结束后,美国成为世界唯一的超级大国;苏联敌人不复存在,美国的核心安全问题得到解决。然而,美国并没有放弃在国际关系中使用武力。与冷战时期相比,美国对外军事行动在数量上和范围上都有所扩展,这与其全球战略密切相关。根据变化了的国际环境,美国分别推出“世界新秩序”、“参与和扩展”和“布什主义”全球战略。在这些战略思想的指导下,三任美国政府对待联合国和国际合作的态度不尽相同,在对外用兵上也有不同的指导原则。在美国政府看来,冷战的结束并没有自动生成一个和平时代:地区冲突取代世界大战成为国际政治的显著特征;传统的军事对抗让位于大规模杀伤性武器扩散和恐怖主义等跨国威胁,给国家安全构成新的挑战;长期掩盖在两极体制下的民族矛盾与种族冲突爆发开来,人道主义灾难日益突出。冷战结束后,“单一威胁”已经被“复杂多变”的挑战所取代,美国必须采取一切措施保卫国家安全和人民生命;作为当今超级大国,美国还要承担起超越国界的全球责任。在应对这些威胁与挑战时,美国往往具有更深层次的利益诉求和战略考虑。本论文通过海湾战争、科索沃战争和伊拉克战争三个案例,分别检验美国对外军事行动的经济利益动因、人道主义动因和国家安全动因。以此发现,在海湾战争中,美国为了捍卫中东的石油利益实施了“准单边主义”行动;在科索沃战争中,美国为了在巴尔干的战略利益不惜违反联合国决议、主导北约对一个主权国家发动大规模的空袭行动;在伊拉克战争中,美国为了推翻萨达姆政权把“先发制人”战略付诸实施,将武力运用和“单边主义”发挥到了极致。总而言之,冷战后美国对外军事行动的开展与它的全球战略、当代国际政治大环境和美国作为超级大国的现实需求都密不可分。从根本上,美国对外军事行动都是服务于它的全球战略;从客观上,冷战后的国际政治为美国提供了有利的条件;从主观上,美国具有采取军事行动的现实需求。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the Post-Cold War era, United States becomes the sole superpower all over the world. Due to the disintegration of Soviet Union, the core issue concerning American security has been resolved. However, United States continues to resort to force in international relations. What’s more, compared with the Cold War period, American military operations aborad increase other than decrease in both quantity and range. All are closely connected to American global strategies. In accordance with the changing international environment, United States puts forward different global strategies, namely,“New World Order”,“Engagement and Enlargement”and“Bush Doctrine”. The three strategies reflect different attitudes of American governments towards United Nations and international cooperation, as well as distinct principles on use of force.From U.S. point of view, the end of Cold War does not automatically transformed into a peaceful world. Regional conflicts arise to be the dominant danger instead of the world war. Traditional military threat is replaced by transnational threats such as the spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction and terrorism, which pose new chanlleges on Amerian national security. Humanitarian disasters become more pressing due to the eruption of national conflicts and regional struggles which were covered for a long time under the Biopolar System. After the Cold War, the single threat has been replaced by more complex and uncertain chanlleges. United States must take all the necessary measures to protect its country and people. Meanwhile, as the only superpower, United States has to shoulder the global responsibilities far beyond its border.In dealing with these threats and challenges, United States usually owns deep interests and strategic consideration. In the dissertation, I examine three motives from economic, humanitarian and national security aspects through case studies to find out the true reasons of these military operations respectively. During the Gulf War, in order to secure its oil interests in Middle East, United States carried out“quasi-unilateral”activity. In the Kosovo War, in order to pursue its strategic interests in Balkan, United States led NATO to launch large-scale air strikes against a sovereign country without authorization from UN Security Council. In the Iraq War, in order to overthrow Saddam Hussein regime, United States put preemptive strategy into practice, which expanded its motive to resort to force and unilateralism to extreme. All in all, after the Cold War, all the American military operations are closely related to its global strategies, contemporary international environment and actual demands as the only superpower. Foundationally, American military operations serve its global strategies. Objectively, the international politics in the Post-Cold War era provides United States with preferable conditions to resort to force. Subjectively, United States has actual demands to conduct military operations.更多还原