【作者】 黎池；

【导师】 李建华；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 伦理学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 魏源的人才伦理思想既是其独特思想体系的反映,更是其时代提出的迫切要求。魏源的个人经历和思想历程以及当时的历史变局和时代的呼唤,构成了魏源人才伦理思想的基本历史背景。魏源是深受湖湘文化养育、影响和熏陶的民族爱国主义者,但却不是闭关锁国的狭隘民族主义者,而是以有容乃大的开放精神和强烈的民族自信,破天荒地提出“师夷长技以制夷”的战略思想,并以经世致用的原则倡导晚清学风变革。所有这些为魏源的人才伦理思想奠定了深厚的文化基础。魏源的人才伦理思想体现在以下三个方面:第一,人才评价伦理思想。魏源认为,人才可以按不同的层次和贡献分为“圣人”、“贤人”、“君子”、“豪杰”和“儒生”;按人才的能力特质可以分为“才臣”、“能臣”和“能才兼有之臣”。同时,魏源还敏锐地看到,还有一类貌似人才的“不学有术”的“伪人才”,魏源称为“鄙夫”,并对“鄙夫”进行了深刻的揭露和批判。在魏源看来,上述人才在一定条件下是可以相互转化的。魏源贯彻了中国历史上德才兼备、以德为先的人才评价的主流思想,分别提出了人才评价的道德标准、才能标准和德才兼备的标准。他认为,人才评价的道德标准主要体现在对国对民的道德责任感、忧国忧民的道德情怀、以道为乐的道德境界、道义之交的道德交往规范、虚怀若谷的道德胸怀、崇俭戒奢的道德节制、知荣明耻的荣辱观以及立德立功立言立节的道德伟业上。总的来看,魏源人才评价伦理思想体现了动机与效果、理性与情感的统一。第二,人才选拔伦理思想。魏源通过对历代人才选拔制度的反思,探寻历史上人才选拔制度的利弊得失,总结人才选拔制度的道德原则和方法,特别是在人才选拔过程中强调人才道德素质的重要性,体现了魏源在人才选拔问题上的一系列伦理思想和价值倾向。魏源对“三代私而后世公”的人才选拔基础、对“九品中正”的人才选拔制度,分别进行了深刻的伦理反思,对科举制进行了激烈的现实批判。在此基础上,魏源结合当时的实际情况,提出了改革人才选拔制度的构想。魏源还根据当时急需各种不同人才的实际,提出了“不以细行取人”和“君求臣”等不求全责备和礼贤下士的人才选拔伦理原则。第三,人才使用和培养伦理思想。关于人才的使用,魏源并不单纯地提任人唯贤或任人唯亲,而是创造性地提出了“亲贤并用”的观点,这不仅能够适合当时的实际情况,也是具有一定进步意义的,这在当时在人才使用问题上无疑是一个观念上的重大创新,也是用人问题上的一次道德变革。魏源还提出了“小人可用”的变通之法,以解当时用人之急。在用人方法上,魏源提出了“取长避短”和“量能授职”的方法。魏源认为,要正确地使用人才,充分发挥人才的作用,就必须为人才提供良好的环境。在人才的培养方面,魏源特别重视道德修养对人才培养和成长的重要作用,提出了一系列人才培养的伦理思想,如道德教化、亲历诸身、逆境复性、道德自省和经世致用等。魏源人才伦理思想具有重要的历史地位。首先,魏源人才伦理思想与中国传统人才思想和人才伦理思想是一脉相传的,是对中国古代人才思想和人才伦理思想的继承和发展。其次,魏源人才伦理思想是其整个思想体系的重要组成部分,其鲜明的理论特色主要表现在:它是呼唤国民性改造的警世先声,是探究时代精神的理论先驱,是首倡人才强国的时代先锋。最后,魏源人才伦理思想对后世的人才思想和人才伦理思想在客观上产生了一定的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wei Yuan’s ethical ideas of talent are not only a reflection of his unique thought system, but also an urgent requirement of his time. His personal experiences, ideological developments, historical changes, demands of his era constituted the basic historical background of his ideas. Being a patriot bred, influenced and cultivated in Hunan province, Wei Yuan was not an ultranationalist who closed the country to international intercourse. Rather, with broad mind and strong national confidence, he was the first person who raised the strategic idea that to defeat the enemies is undergone learning from them. Meanwhile, he called for reforms of late Qing’s academic atmosphere with " to study in order to apply" as principle. All of these established a solid cultural foundation for his ideas of talent’s ethic. In conclusion, Wei Yuan’s ethical ideas of talent can be generalized to three aspects:1. The ethical idea of evaluation. In Wei Yuan’s opinion, talents can be classified into sage, wise man, man of honor, hero and scholar basing on different levels and contributions they make. Tracing on characteristics of ability, there are intelligent man, able man and man both intelligent and able. Meanwhile, Wei Yuan exquisitely observed that there were some persons who deceived others by claiming that they were talented although they were not. Wei Yuan called them "Bi Fu"(fake talents) and gave them a severe attack. According to Wei Yuan, the above people are transferable under certain conditions.Following the mainstream of historical Chinese evaluation standard that a talent should combine high ability with moral integrity and the moral integrity should be first stressed, Wei Yuan put forward separately evaluation standards for talent such as the moral standard, the ability standard and the combination of morality and ability. He held that the moral standards included moral responsibility for nation and people, moral concern with nation and people, moral achievement of pleasure in giving, moral regulation of communication, modest moral attitude, moral restraint of extravagance, moral awareness of honor and disgrace, and moral objectives of establishing morality, achievement, saying and virtue. Generally speaking, Wei Yuan’s ethical idea of evaluation is a combination of motivation and effect, sense and sensibility.2. The ethical idea of talent’s selection. Through reflections on the ancient selection systems of talent, Wei Yuan explored their advantages as well as disadvantages and concluded his own moral principles and methods in selection by putting emphasis on people’s morality. Those represent his ethical ideas and preferences in selection issue. From ethical point of view, Wei Yuan made a profound reflection on old selection principles such as "san dai si er hou shi gong" and "jiu pin zhong zheng zhi" which the appointment of a person to a certain official is mainly relied on his inherited family background. What’s more, he criticized fiercely the imperial examination system. According to the situation of his time, Wei Yuan proposed his reform program of selection system on the foundation of former experiences. In order to find out more talents to meet the nation’s urgent need, he suggested that the selection of talents should be judged overall by neglecting the minor shortcomings. He also thought that talents should be respected by everyone including the emperor.3. The ethical idea of use and training of talent. In accordance with the situation, it was Wei Yuan’s innovation to combine the appointment by ability and the appointment by relationship instead of selecting one at the expense of the other, which not only made an important progress in people’s appointment system, but also reformed the system in moral aspect. Besides, Wei Yuan held that in urgent cases, people of low social statues could be used as a supplementary appointment method. As for the methods of using people, he suggested making use of one’s advantages and avoiding his shortages. Another way to use people was to appoint him according to his ability. Wei Yuan thought that only when a good environment was offered to talents, could they make contributions and be correctly used. With regard to the training of talent, Wei Yuan concentrated on the importance of moral teaching and suggested a set of ethical ideas of training including moralizing, experiencing, restoring personality in adversity, morally self-criticism and practical learning.Wei Yuan’s ethical ideas of talent are very important in that firstly, his ideas are consistent with the traditional Chinese ideas of talent. He inherited and further developed the ancient ethical ideas. Secondly? Wei Yuan’s ethical ideas of talent constitute the most important part of his whole ideological system. Its theoretical characteristics are vivid and special because it is a forerunner to call for national character’s reconstruction, to explore time’s spirit, to strengthen the country by talented man. Finally, Wei Yuan’s ethical ideas of talent objectively influence latter ideas of talent and ethical ideas of talent.更多还原