【作者】 李昱姣；

【导师】 陈伟东；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动， 2008， 博士

【副题名】农民经济合作的历史反思与中国农民经济合作的现实选择

【摘要】 农民经济合作是以家庭为生产组织形式的农民,为了解决生产、生活中的各种困难,而在经济领域所开展的生产、购销、信用借贷等联合行动。从世界农民经济合作的发展过程来看,农民经济合作是近代以来面对商品经济发展、市场竞争激烈,作为弱势群体的农民为解决各种困难,保护自己利益而作出的必然选择。但是,就具体国家的具体合作内容选择、形成模式、行动结果而言,却是成败得失,大不相同。在西方欧美国家,自19世纪中后期农民合作行动开始、组织创生以来,一直发展,并不断适应时代发展的要求。而在我国,农民经济合作则几起几伏,历经曲折,时至今日,仍无硕果。因此,面对新时期中国农民经济合作的再次复兴,反思历史,揭示规律、把握现实尤为重要。形式和内容的统一从根本上决定着行动目的的实现。若要农民经济合作行动成功,就必须严格依据农业经济发展的客观要求,绝对尊重农民的愿望和意志,合理地选择合作的具体内容。由于农业生产自身具有的种种特征,决定农民在农业初级产品的生产环节,不需要、也不适宜进行同质劳动之间的大规模简单协作,从而使家庭生产组织形式在农业生产领域源远流长、久盛不衰。但是,农业家庭生产组织形式的合理性是有限的、相对的。它的分散、孤立和弱小,使个体农民在遭遇规模性的紧急支付时,在进行外部商品交易时,显得势单力薄,需要农民之间的互助与合作。因此,农民从合作开始就选择了两种性质、两种目的的合作:一种是以救危济困为目的的生存型合作:另一种是以加工、购销为目的发展型合作,拒绝农业初级产品生产过程中的集体劳动合作。面对农民对合作内容的选择,任何一个政治家和思想家只能采取尊重选择的态度。因为农业经济生产的实践主体是农民,只有农民自己最清楚自己需要什么内容的合作,不论是思想家的设计还是政治家的安排,都不能代替农民当家作主。政治家或思想家可以根据其它民族与国家的经验做出初步选择,但同时,必须尊重农民的最终选择权。只有这样,才能避免思想家改造社会的空想和政治家“致命的自负”。在梳理、分析历史上有关农民合作思想时发现:欧文、傅立叶等空想社会主义者都从批判资本主义、改造社会的动机、目的出发,设想通过建立新的基本生产组织,以现实社会成员之间的平等与和谐。虽然他们的思想认识和具体方案有着差异和不同,但他们都否定农业家庭个体生产组织形式,推崇大规模合作生产、集体劳动。而这恰恰是农民所反对的。正因为此,才使傅立叶的“法郎吉”方案无人支持,沦为空想,欧文的“新和谐公社”实验也陷于失败。同样,国际共产主义运动中的农民合作化运动和农业集体化运动,之所以出现过程中的强制,乃至最后被迫放弃,毫无疑问,还是因为作为理论指导的马克思恩格斯的农民合作思想中,包含有否定农业家庭生产组织形式、崇尚农业大规模经营的局限性。而西方欧美国家在19世纪中后期开始兴起的农民经济合作运动,正因为是建立在农民家庭生产组织形式之上,采取的是信用借贷、加工、购销方面的合作,所以才呈现出100多年远远不断、蓬勃发展的情形。农民需要合作,但作为自组织行动,合作的形式和组织的创生必然要求农民具备一定的合作能力与条件。通过对世界农民经济合作历史的纵横考察,不难发现,在传统农业阶段,以及从传统农业向现代农业过渡阶段,不论是以救危济贫为目的的生存型农民经济合作,还是以加工、营销为目的的发展型农民经济合作:不论是东方国家还是西方国家,几乎都普遍存在着“合作悖论”。一方面由于生产生活中的种种困难,农民需要合作;但另一方面却由于农民的合作能力低下、合作条件不充分而难以形成合作、建立合作组织。农民经济合作需要自己的组织者和带头人,但是,传统农业和由传统农业向现代农业过渡时期的广大下层小农,由于经济文化的全面落后,在农民合作形成和合作组织创生时期,普遍缺乏合作组织的组织者和带头人。因此农民经济合作的带头人往往来自农村中上层强势力量或农民外部社会力量,从而形成农民经济合作的“内外部强势力量带动型”创生模式。在20世纪上半叶的日本、中国,由于社会政治、经济、文化的全面落后,农民群众中更难产生合作行动的组织者、带头人,加之长期的专制主义中央集权制度,社会层面和地方行政官员均缺乏自由和活力。于是,政府便充当了农民合作组织者和带头人的角色,从而形成“政府主导型”创生模式。但是,美国的农民由于得天独厚的土地资源条件和占统治地位的农民土地所有制,使其在经济独立、自主的同时。形成了很强的自组织能力,使农民内部不缺乏组织者和带头人,从而形成“内部群体自发型”生成模式。农民合作需要一定资金基础为支撑,但实际生活中农民的自身财力总是存在着绝对和相对不足。在19世纪中期的西欧和20世纪前期的中国、日本,均处于传统农业阶段,农民中的广大下层小农均处于绝对贫困和极端贫困状态,农民急需信用借贷合作,以解货币支付燃眉之急,但是处于绝对贫困和极端贫困中的小农根本就没有资金力量进行信用借贷合作。在由传统农业向现代农业过渡阶段乃至向现代农业转变之后,由于生产投入的增加和资金的季节性集中支出,也往往导致农民资金的相对不足。因此,不论是生存型合作还是发展型合作,都需要政府资金力量的介入和扶持。但由于各个国家与地区农民经济能力发展状况的不同、以及同一国家不同时期农民经济合作能力的不同,政府的资金支持类型可区分为日本式的“政府搀扶型”和欧美等西方国家的“政府扶持型”。农民经济合作需要组织成员必须具备一定的文化素质和相应的合作精神,但是不论东西方国家在农民经济合作组织创生发展的初期都不同程度的存在着文化资源的不足。比较而言,欧美国家西方文化中蕴含的民主法制、自由平等理念有利于农民合作组织的形成。但由于农村经济还比较落后,农民文化素质不高,农民缺乏参加合作社管理、监督的能力。因此,需要政府重视、支持对合作社成员的培训和教育。而以中国传统文化为代表的东方文化中,明显地表现出诸多不适宜甚至阻碍农民经济合作的因素。其中专制、等级、人治的观念,重道德重协调的特质,以及极端的自私主义都和合作精神格格不入。因此,在东方国家的农民合作生成阶段就需要政府予以文化资源建设的全面输送,起到宣传、教育、引导的作用。同时,还要在农民经济合作组织建立后,对农民进行相关的知识培训教育。鉴往知来,我国今天的农民经济合作是在由传统农业向现代农业的加速转变过程中、是在经济全球化、市场国际化背景下展开的,农民合作尚处于创生或发展的初期阶段。虽然合作选择了正确的内容、农民已具备了一定的合作能力与条件,但能力、条件的发展既不充分又不平衡。因此,我国目前农民经济合作的创生发展模式,也应该采取自下而上、自上而下并行互动的方针,国家也应是扶持者、主导者和守夜者(监督者)多种角色并存,不拘一格,一切从实际需要出发。更多还原

【Abstract】 Peasant economic cooperation is a type of peasant cooperative action, which includes production, purchase and sale, credit and so on. This can help peasant in trouble who is in form of production organization in household-unit .According to the processing of peasant cooperation in the world, peasant cooperation in economy is inevitable choice to solve all kinds of problems in face of the fierce competition in merchandise and market economy. However, it is different in content choice, generated formation, action results. In western countries, peasant economic cooperation has developed constantly from the late 19th century. And it adapts the requirement of times. But in china, peasant economic cooperation experiences setbacks. Nowadays, there is no much fruit Therefore, the most important now is facing reality by reflecting history and revealing law.The contents of peasant economic cooperation must be with the objective requirements of agricultural development and peasant will. The coordination in forms and contents determines the implementation of action. The characteristics of agriculture determine the forms of agricultural production when producing primary agricultural products. So household production forms of organization are everlasting .But this kind of production forms is limited and relative. It is scattered, isolated and weak, which is not strong enough to protect peasant when they meet emergency payments in large scale. Therefore peasants need mutual aid and cooperation. So there are two types of cooperation: one is "Survival-oriented Cooperation", which is aimed at helping those in troubles; the other is "Development-oriented Cooperation", which is aimed at processing .purchasing and sale. It also rejects collective labor cooperation in the production of primary agricultural products.For the content choices of peasant economic cooperation, any politician and thinker can find no way but respect their choices. Because peasant is the practice in agricultural production .Peasants themselves know what they indeed need .Both politicians and thinkers can not substitute peasants. Politician and thinkers can make initial choice. But they must respect peasant finial choice. Only by this way we could avoid politician Utopian of transforming the society and fatal arrogance of thinkers.From historical experience we find that Owen, Fourier and other Utopian socialists are aimed at criticizing capitalism and transforming society. They try establishing new production organization to realize equality and harmony between social members. Though their ideas and specific programs are different, they deny agricultural production form in household unit and respect cooperation production in large scale, collective labor, which peasants disagree. So Fourier’s "Kyrgyzstan francs" which nobody supports became Utopian. Owen’s "New Harmony Commune" failed. Similarly, peasant cooperative movement and agriculture collectivization campaign in international communist movement were abandoned finally, undoubtedly because Marxism contains some idea which denies agricultural production form in household unit and respects cooperation production in large scale. However in the late 19^th century peasant economic cooperation movement was in form of production form in household unit western countries. And it cooperated in credit, processing, purchasing and sales and so on. Therefore has been everlasting since 100 years.Peasant needs cooperation. But as self-organization, the form and creation of cooperation requires peasant to have cooperation capability and condition. From the history of peasant economic cooperation in the world, no matter it is development-oriented cooperation or survival-oriented cooperation, we could find there is a problem of "Paradox Cooperation" in eastern and western countries. On the one hand peasants need cooperation because of all kinds of difficulties in life. On the other hand peasants hardly establish cooperation because of their cooperation capability lower and other inadequate conditions.Peasant economic cooperation needs its own leader and organizer. However, due to the economic and cultural backwardness, during its initial stage of the development, the peasant economic cooperation organization generally lacks leaders and organizers. So at present the leader of the peasant economic cooperation organization is mainly from the upper class of the village or outside the village, thus forming a pattern that the inside and outside powerful force work together to promote the economic developmentIn the first half of the 20^th century, in countries such as Japan and China, the political, economic and cultural backwardness, the deep-routed centralized and the lack of an energetic class in rural area all contribute to a government-dominant pattern, in which government plays the role of leader and organizer in peasant economic cooperation organization. In contrast, in America where the peasant owns the land, peasants richly endowed by nature have an very strong self-organizing ability, thus forming a self-organizing pattern.Peasant economic cooperation needs economic basis, but peasants have insufficient financial resources or comparably insufficient resources. Western countries in the middle of the 19^th century and Japan, China in the early 20^th century are still in traditional agriculture stage. The majority of the peasants are impoverished. On the one hand, they need credit cooperation to solve problems. On the other hand the impoverished peasants can not afford the credit cooperation because of the lack of money. The same situation also existed in western Europe in the middle of the 19^th century.During the transition from traditional agricultural to modern agricultural, or even in the modern agriculture stage, the increase in manufacturing cost and intensive costing at season always lead to the comparably insufficient financial capability. So government should intervene to provide a financial help to both kinds of peasant economic cooperation, no matter it is development-oriented cooperation or survival-oriented cooperation. Due to differences in the financial abilities and times, government’s financial supporting pattern can be divided into two types: one is government-support pattern typically in Japan and the other is government-guiding pattern typically in America or European countries.Peasant economic cooperation calls for certain level of the spirit of cooperation. However, at the initial stage of Peasant economic cooperation development, there is lack of cultural resources in both eastern and western countries. Comparably speaking, the concept of democracy, freedom and equality rooted in western countries’ culture can help establish the Peasant cooperation organization. However, government should pay great attention to training and educating of the members of peasant economic cooperation, the peasants still lack the ability to manage and supervise the cooperation organization due to its lower educational level. While, in eastern countries typically in China, the traditional culture includes a lot of unfavorable factors for developing cooperation organization, such as autocracy hierarchy. So in eastern countries, government should provide an educational system for the peasants at the beginning stage of peasant economic cooperation development and provide training in concerning areas after the peasant economic cooperation organization is totally built.We can learn much from historical experience. Nowadays, our country’s peasant economic cooperation is in the accelerating conversion process of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. Under the background of economy globalization and market internationalization, and peasant economic cooperation is in the primary phase. Although the content of cooperation is right and peasant have a little cooperation capability and condition, it is inadequate and imbalance. Therefore, the peasant economic cooperation in china should adopt the consistent model of from bottom to up and from top to bottom, and government should be the syntheses of supporter, advocator and supervisor.更多还原