1949-1952年中国社会救助研究

【作者】 高冬梅；

【导师】 李瑗；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 中共党史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 社会救助是国家和社会对陷入困难和不幸中的公民给予款物接济和帮助的一种政策或制度。研究1949-1952年中国的弱势群体及其社会救助问题,有助于进一步拓宽中共党史、中华人民共和国史两学科的研究领域;有助于推进中国社会救助史的研究;可以丰富新中国建立初期社会分层、社会结构及社会保障等理论;对于当今中国的社会救助工作与和谐社会建设有重要的借鉴意义。本文以挖掘尽可能多的档案资料为基础,力求以马克思主义的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导,以历史学整体考察与个案分析相结合的实证研究方法为主,同时借鉴社会工作、社会学及政治学等有关理论和方法,对1949-1952年中国弱势群体及其社会救助进行了多层次、多角度的综合研究。本论文由绪论、正文(五章)和结束语三部分组成。绪论部分主要对本课题的选题缘起、核心概念、研究状况以及研究框架、路径与方法等进行了论述,以充分展示本论文的研究主旨,论证本论文的选题价值。第一章,是1949-1952年中国弱势群体研究。通过对已有材料的梳理,揭示了1949-1952年中国弱势群体的生存困境,总结了1949-1952年中国弱势群体的特点与影响。说明了弱势群体的生存困境及其特点与影响是中国共产党和政府开展社会救助的重要诱因。第二章,是中国共产党社会救助思想研究。通过对相关文献的爬梳,笔者阐释了中国共产党和政府关于弱势群体与社会救助的核心思想,即那些关系到社会救助全局性安排和战略性决策的基础性与关键性的重要问题,包括有关弱势群体的成因、弱势群体社会救助的必要性与重要性、社会救助的内涵和外延以及社会救助中主、客体间权利与义务关系等诸多方面的认识,并加以评析。第三章,是社会救助制度研究。首先对社会救助制度的确立过程进行梳理,随后按照目标系统、规则系统、组织管理系统、设施系统等四个方面对社会救助制度的框架体系加以解析,最后对社会救助的资金收集与分配、工作人员管理和民众社会动员等运作模式进行了探讨,力求对社会救助制度安排及其运作机制有一个系统性的了解。第四章,是中国共产党和政府的救助实践。以弱势群体的类别为顺序,基本通过个案研究,分别考论了政府对各类弱势群体的社会救助实况、绩效和经验;同时,对政府救助的作用和特点进行了评析。第五章,是民间社会互助研究。在对家庭、慈善团体的社会互助以及国家主导下的社会互助分别考察的基础上,总结了该时期社会互助的特点,分析了其发展趋向。结束语。首先对1949-1952年中国社会救助予以评价,其次说明社会救助与当时中国社会的关系,揭示中国社会救助制度安排和实践模式选择的深层原因以及社会救助实践及其绩效对中国社会的影响,最后思考社会救助对当今的启示。通过以上各方面的实证研究,笔者得出以下结论:其一,中华人民共和国成立初期,在中国共产党的领导下,中国政府和社会为救助弱势群体进行了艰苦卓绝的努力,从而使社会救助在社会变迁中大有作为,在维护社会稳定,促进经济的恢复和发展,巩固新生的政权方面发挥了巨大作用。正因为如此,其时的社会救助工作在中国社会救助史上写下了辉煌的一页,很多开创性的措施在以后都得到了继承和发扬。其二,在思想和制度层面,中国共产党和中国政府在那些关系到社会救助全局性安排和战略性决策的基础性与关键性问题上的认识,基本上超越了传统的社会救助观念,开始向现代社会救助思想转变。基于基本国情的积极社会救助制度模式,揭开了社会救助史上新的一页,具有里程碑意义;积极的社会救助制度模式与革命性社会动员运作方法相结合,一定程度上保证了社会救助的制度绩效,也成为该时期社会救助制度的重要特点。其三,中华人民共和国成立初期的社会救助启示我们,在社会转型时期,与社会保障制度体系中的社会保险等子系统相比,社会救助更可以大有作为;社会救助要获得成功,需要发挥国家和社会两个积极性,要将政府的制度化支持、民间组织与社区的服务功能、弱势群体亲朋好友的慰藉及其群体内社会资本的作用等有效地将以整合;成功的社会救助应该是积极的救助,着眼点在于提升弱势群体的自救能力;弱势群体问题的根本解决,需要以良好的社会生态环境为背景,即需要具备一定的经济基础、政治前提、思想文化条件和法制保障。当然,由于时代所限,中华人民共和国成立初期的社会救助,无论是思想、制度还是实践层面,都还不可避免地存在一些这样那样的问题,这又给我们今天留下了诸多值得反思的方面。更多还原

【Abstract】 Social assistance is a policy or system for the state or society to provide relief or help for the difficult or unfortunate citizens. Studying on China’s vulnerable groups and social assistance system during the period of 1949 to 1952 helps to further expand the research disciplines of the history of CPC and the PRC, helps to promote the study on the history of China’s social assistance, enriches the theory of social stratification, social structure and social security in the early period of the establishment of new China and can provide important reference for China’s social relief today and the building of a harmonious society. On the basis of the greatest possible file information, with Marxist’s dialectical materialism and historical materialism as a guide and a combination of empirical research method of the historical overall investigation and case analysis as a main method and with drawing on other relevant theories and methods of social work, social science and political science, this thesis makes a comprehensive study in multi-level and multi-angle on China’s vulnerable groups and social assistance in the period of 1949 to 1952.The thesis includes three parts, that is, the introduction, the body and the concluding remarks.The introduction part mainly discusses the origin of this issue, the core concept and the study situation, framework, path and methods in order to fully display the subject of the thesis and demonstrate the value of the topic.Chapter I is on China’s vulnerable groups from 1949 to 1952. Based on the combing the materials, the thesis reveals the survival plight of China’s vulnerable groups in this period, sums up the characteristics and their influences of China’s vulnerable groups in this period and illustrates that the plight of China’s vulnerable groups and their characteristics and influences are the main incentives for the CPC and the Chinese government to launch social assistance.Chapter II is on the thought of CPC’s social assistance. Basing on the combing of the relevant literature, the thesis explains the core ideas of the CPC and the Chinese government on the vulnerable groups and social assistance, namely, those important and crucial issues related to the overall arrangements and strategic decision-making of the social assistance system, including the causes of vulnerable groups, the need and importance of the social relief, the meaning and extension of social relief, the relationship between the rights and objections of the subject and object of social relief and tries to make comments and assessment on them.Chapter III is the research on the social assistance system. The thesis sorts out the establishment process of the social assistance system, analyzes the framework system of the social assistance system from its four aspects, that is, the target system, the rules, the organization and management system and the infrastructure system, and in order to have a systematic understanding on the social assistance system and its operational mechanism, discusses the mode of operation of social assistance system, such as the collection and distribution of funds, the management of personnel, the mobilization of civil society.Chapter IV is about the assistance practice of the CPC and the Chinese government. Basing on the type sequence of the vulnerable groups and basically through case studies, the thesis respectively examines the social relief live practice, performance and experiences of the government relief for various vulnerable groups and makes comments and assessment on the role and characteristics of government aid.Chapter V is about the mutual assistance of civil society. On the basis of the respective inspection of the mutual assistance in the family, charitable organizations and social mutual assistance under the guidance of the state, the thesis sums up the characteristics of the social mutual assistance in that period and analyzes its development trend.In the part of he concluding remarks, the thesis evaluates the social relief in the period of 1949-1952, illustrates the relationship between the social relief and social relations, reveals the underlying causes of the choice of the China’s social assistance system and its impact on China’s society and tries to analyze its inspiration on today.Through the empirical research in various aspects above, the thesis draws the following conclusions. Firstly, in the early period of the founding of the PRC, under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese government and community has made such arduous efforts to help the vulnerable groups that the social relief has achieved great achievements in the social changes and has played an important role in maintaining social stability, promoting economic recovery and development and consolidating the nascent regime. Because of this, the social assistance system then has written a glorious chapter in the history of China’s social relief and its many pioneering measures have been inherited and carried forward further later. Secondly, in terms of ideology and system level, the awareness of the CPC and the Chinese government on those important and crucial issues related to the overall arrangements of social assistance and strategic decision-making has basically gone beyond traditional thought of social relief and started to transform to the modern concept of social assistance. The positive social relief system modal that is based on the basic national conditions has opened a new chapter in the history of social relief and is a significant milestone. The combination of the positive social relief system modal and the revolutionary social mobilization methods has in some degree ensured the system performance of social assistance and has become the important characteristics of the social assistance system in that period. Thirdly, the practice of social assistance in the early years of the founding of the PRC reveals that in the period of social transformation, social relief can accomplish a great deal more than other secondary systems in the social security system, such as social insurance. It needs to play the initiative roles of both the nation and society and effectively integrate institutional support of the government, the service functions of the civil society organizations and communities, the consolation of friends of the vulnerable groups and the role of the groups?ˉsocial capital. The successful social relief should be positive assistance and be focused on the enhancement of the self-help ability of the vulnerable groups. It needs a good socio-ecological environment as background to absolutely resolve the fundamental issues of the vulnerable groups, namely, a certain economic basis, the political premise, the ideological and cultural conditions and legal protection. Of course, due to age restrictions, the social relief in the early period of the founding of the PRC inevitably has some kinds of problems, whether in ideology and system and in practical level, which leaves us a lot to reflect today.更多还原