【作者】 蔡先凤；

【导师】 蔡守秋；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 随着核能和平利用的发展,核能的安全性日益引起人们的广泛关注,核损害及其赔偿已经成为无法回避的问题。在核损害责任国际公约的框架下,建立健全国内的核损害责任制度,将有利于保护公众(第三方)的利益,促进核工业的健康发展以及核能领域的国际合作。第一章阐述了损害和核损害的基本界定,主要论述了核损害的特征和危害、核损害的分类,即人体侵害、财产损害、环境损害。根据1997年的《核损害补充公约》、《核损害民事责任维也纳公约》的规定,核损害的定义为:生命丧失或人身伤害;财产的损失或损害;经济损失,条件是有资格对所述损失或损害提出索赔的人员遭受了此种损失;受损害环境(轻微者除外)的恢复措施费用;由于环境的明显损害所引起的收入损失,而这种收入来自环境的任何利用或享用方面的经济利益;预防措施费用以及由此类措施引起的进一步损失或损害;环境损害所造成的损失以外的任何其他经济损失。第二章综述核损害民事责任立法的历史演进,时间跨度自20世纪50年代至2004年2月。主要考察了美国、德国、英国、日本、法国等有关国家的核责任立法以及国际核责任公约的发展。国际核责任公约主要包括:《1960年核能领域第三方责任公约》、1963年《布鲁塞尔补充公约》、1963年《维也纳公约》、《1971年海上核材料运输民事责任公约》、1988年《联合议定书》、《1997年维也纳议定书》、《1997年维也纳公约》、1997年《核损害补充赔偿公约》以及《巴黎公约》和《布鲁塞尔补充公约》2004年修正议定书。第三章阐述了核损害民事责任的一般理论,包括民事责任的概念、民事责任的分类、民事责任的价值定位、民事责任的基础和功能、核损害民事责任的国际法基础(国际法律责任、国际损害责任)、核损害民事责任的归责原则、无过失责任或危险责任原则、核损害民事责任的构成要件、核损害民事责任中的因果关系、核损害民事责任的免除、核营运人的追索权等。第四章涉及核损害责任制度的基本原则。核损害责任制度的基本原则包括严格责任原则和绝对责任原则、唯一责任或责任集中原则、责任限制原则、强制性责任保险或财务保证原则、单一管辖法院管辖原则、国家介入原则以及不歧视原则。核损害责任法律制度中的严格责任和绝对责任,是指核设施营运人不论有无过错,只要发生核事故和造成核损害,就要承担民事责任。所谓责任集中是指在有复数责任主体的场合,法律只规定由其中之一承担赔偿责任,而其他责任人则不直接对受害人承担损害赔偿责任的制度。尤其是在有关核损害责任的国际公约以及各国的核损害责任立法中,均采用这一法律制度。核损害责任法的责任限制主要体现在两方面:赔偿数额和诉讼时效。确立单一管辖法院的主要目的是确保司法权的统一,以防止不同法院裁定的赔偿额超出营运人责任限额,并有利于对不同索赔请求权作出公正裁决。核损害责任法中的不歧视原则是指核事故发生后,核损害赔偿应在最高赔偿限额内不分受害人的国籍、户籍或居所等而进行公平分配,即核损害责任公约的缔约方和非缔约方的受害人均应获得核损害赔偿。第五章论述了核损害赔偿的基本问题,核损害民事责任形式的概念及其种类、核损害赔偿及其规则、核损害赔偿的主体和范围、核损害赔偿中的环境损害赔偿,同时引用了核损害赔偿的两个实例。第六章对中国大陆核损害责任制度的建构提出了建议。我国台湾地区已经基本建立了完整的原子能法律体系。但中国大陆现行核损害责任制度依然存在重大的缺陷,即核基本法或单行法至今阙如、国务院《关于处理第三方核责任问题的批复》无法适应现实需要。应该尽快建立和完善中国大陆的核损害责任制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of nuclear use for peaceful purposes, nuclear safety has become a great concern and meanwhile, nuclear damage and compensation for nuclear damage has become an unavoidable issue. National legal systems for nuclear liability should be established and perfected under the framework of international conventions for nuclear liability, which will contribute to the sound development of nuclear industry and international cooperation in the field of nuclear energy.Chapter 1 deals with the definitions for“damage”and“nuclear damage”, which focuses on the features, harmfulness and classification for nuclear damage. The classification for nuclear damage includes personal injury and damage to both property and environment. In Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage and 1997 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage,“nuclear damage”means: i. loss of life, any personal injury; ii. loss of or damage to property; iii. economic loss, if incurred by a person entitled to claim in respect of such loss or damage; iv. the costs of measures of reinstatement of impaired environment, unless such impairment is insignificant, if such measures are actually taken or to be taken; v. loss of income deriving from an economic interest in any use or enjoyment of the environment, incurred as a result of a significant impairment of that environment; vi. the costs of preventive measures, and further loss or damage caused by such measures; vii. any other economic loss, other than any caused by the impairment of the environment, if permitted by the general law on civil liability of the competent court, to the extent that the loss or damage arises out of or results from ionizing radiation emitted by any source of radiation inside a nuclear installation, or emitted from nuclear fuel or radioactive products or waste in, or of nuclear material coming from, originating in, or sent to, a nuclear installation, whether so arising from the radioactive properties of such matter, or from a combination of radioactive properties with toxic, explosive or other hazardous properties of such matter.Chapter 2 introduces the development of nuclear liability legislation for nuclear damage from the 1950s to February 2004, which is divided into three phrases. International conventions for nuclear liability mainly include the following: Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage ( 23 July 1998), Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ( 21 May 1963), Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ( 23 July 1998), 1997 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ( 12 September 1997), Protocols to amend the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy and the Brussels Convention Supplementary to the Paris Convention, Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention ( 21 September 1988), Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes to Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ( 14 October 1999), Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy, Treaty on Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, Convention on Nuclear Safety, The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29th July 1960, as amended by the Additional Protocol of 28th January 1964 and by the Protocol of 16th November 1982, Convention of 31st January 1963 Supplementary to the Paris Convention of 29th July 1960, as amended by the Additional Protocol of 28th January 1964 and by the Protocol of 16th November 1982, Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy (20 December 1957), Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships, 1962, Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material, 1971, Protocol to Amend the Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29th July 1960, as amended by the Additional Protocol of 28th January 1964 and by the Protocol of 16th November 1982 (12 February 2004), Protocol to Amend the Convention of 31st January 1963 Supplementary to the Paris Convention of 29th July 1960, as amended by the Additional Protocol of 28th January 1964 and by the Protocol of 16th November 1982 (12 February 2004).Chapter 3 expounds the basic theory of the civil liability for nuclear damage, including the concept, classification, value, foundation and functions of civil liability; it also discusses the international law foundation, including international legal liability or responsibility, international liability for damage, liability channeling for the civil liability for nuclear damage, no-fault principle. Further more, it describes the causation and exemption for the civil liability for nuclear damage and the nuclear operator’s recourse.Chapter 4 discusses the basic principles of the civil liability system for nuclear damage, including exclusive liability of the nuclear installation operator; absolute liability (no proof of fault or negligence required) of the nuclear installation operator; the nuclear installation operator’s obligation to secure an insurance or other financial guarantee up to its liability amount; limitation on the amount of liability and the time for instituting damage claims; jurisdiction over claims generally to reside with the courts where the accident occurs; state intervention or participation; non-discrimination on the grounds of nationality, domicile or residence.Chapter 5 analyses the basic forms of the compensation for nuclear damage, which includes the concept of the civil liability forms for nuclear damage, compensation for nuclear damage and its rules, the indemnitors and claimants and scopes of compensation for nuclear damage and compensation for environmental damage, and finally quotes several compensation cases for nuclear damage.Chapter 6 proposes how to establish and perfect the liability system of China mainland. China’s Taiwan has a complete legal system for nuclear energy, but China mainland has not adopted any law or regulation on atomic energy and on compensation for nuclear damage except the 1986 State Council’s Reply Concerning the Third Party Liability, which is not a law or regulation concerning nuclear liability. With the development of nuclear use for peaceful purposes in China, the civil liability system for nuclear damage should be established and perfected as soon as possible.更多还原