【作者】 闫忠林；

【导师】 黄民兴；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 世界史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 阿拉伯民族主义是在近代阿拉伯民族觉醒的基础上发展起来的、旨在争取生存、平等、独立、统一、发展等一系列民族权益的一种社会政治思潮和实践；它的出现是东西方文明碰撞、交流的结果，是西方民族主义思想与东方阿拉伯传统素材(如种族、语言、文学、传统、地域等)相结合的产物，具有明显的复合性特征。相对于西方而言，阿拉伯民族主义属于东方民族主义的范畴，带有明显的“防卫性”；阿拉伯民族主义一词虽然具有连贯性，但是其意义和内涵却是随着社会和社会关系的变化而变化，这些变化涉及意识形态、经济、宗教和社会等层面。本质上讲，阿拉伯民族主义或泛阿拉伯主义是新形势下，阿拉伯民族对未来探索的一条道路，是阿拉伯民族借以维护民族权益、发展自身的一种理论和实践工具。阿拉伯民族主义者强调阿拉伯人是一个民族共同体，渴望建立一个统一独立的阿拉伯国家，以实现新时期阿拉伯民族的伟大复兴。早期阿拉伯民族主义思想和运动的发展经历了两个阶段，分别是民族觉醒和“王政时期”(该时段泛阿拉伯运动的领导者为传统社会上层人士，故此命名)，时间跨度为1798年到20世纪50年代。在民族觉醒时期，阿拉伯民族主义经历了文化复兴的孕育阶段，最终迈出了走向政治诉求的一步。这一过程中，阿拉伯基督教徒起了先导作用，率先提出一种世俗的民族主义思想，并引领了19世纪阿拉伯世界局部地区的民族运动；而穆斯林阿拉伯人在19世纪末从伊斯兰现代主义和改革主义思想中分离出一种阿拉伯民族主义思想，最终两条线在第一次世界大战爆发前夕实现合流，且穆斯林阿拉伯民族主义者逐渐获得了阿拉伯民族运动的领导权。但是，当时奥斯曼主义依旧是大多数阿拉伯民族主义者难以割舍的情怀，导致了民族斗争目标的不彻底性——以改革的方式在奥斯曼帝国的框架内实现民族自治。然而，1908年革命后执政的新土耳其党推行的中央集权和土耳其化的政策破灭了阿拉伯民族主义者的幻想，使后者转向武装斗争、谋求民族独立的一面。最终，在第一次世界大战中爆发了阿拉伯大起义。但是，由于西方国家的背信弃义和阿拉伯自身的原因，大起义失败了，统一的阿拉伯国家并没有建立起来，但却陆续产生了一批新型的政治实体，其中一些领导人继续推动阿拉伯民族主义运动的发展。阿拉伯民族主义运动迎来了第二个阶段——“王政时期”。在这一时期，阿拉伯民族主义理论逐步完善，并出现了萨提·胡斯里和密切尔·阿弗拉克等民族主义理论的集大成者。在政治实践中，伊拉克的费萨尔国王、外约旦的埃米尔阿卜杜拉、伊拉克的重臣努里·赛义德以及埃及政府先后投入到泛阿拉伯民族运动的洪流中，特别是埃及后来居上，在其积极奔走下，最终促成了阿拉伯国家联盟的建立，而组织松散的阿盟的成立也宣告了泛阿拉伯统一运动的失落。其间，值得关注的是巴勒斯坦问题日益突出，并最终上升为泛阿拉伯民族主义运动的另一面旗帜。但是，众阿拉伯国家最终也未能阻止犹太复国主义的建国计划，而巴勒斯坦战争的失败更是将领导阿拉伯民族运动的“贵族”推上了绝境，新兴崛起的中下层政治力量成为了他们的掘墓人，“王政时期”的泛阿拉伯运动宣告终结。早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的特征是：第一，从起源上看，阿拉伯民族主义是东西方文明交流的产物，在不同的阶段呈现出不同的时代烙印；第二、从思想特征和政治实践上看，阿拉伯民族主义属于文化民族主义的类型；第三，“阿拉伯民族”的概念经历了一个逐渐变化且不断扩大的过程，它最初仅包括阿拉伯东方，20世纪30年代以后阿拉伯西方才逐渐融入其间；第四、在早期的阿拉伯民族主义运动中，传统的社会上层政治力量居于领导地位；第五，在早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的两个阶段(民族觉醒和“王政时期”)中，斗争的目标、方式和敌人各有侧重；第六，早期的阿拉伯民族主义运动在阿拉伯各地区呈不均衡的发展态势；第七，在早期阿拉伯民族主义运动中，阿拉伯民族主义者的队伍派别纷杂，始终没有形成一支统一的力量；第八，阿拉伯民族主义与伊斯兰教、国家民族主义和教派主义之间存在着复杂关系；第九，在阿拉伯民族主义的纲领中，非政治领域的合作与统一思想后来居上，其中经济和文化领域的合作尤为突出；第十，整体上看，阿拉伯民族主义的发展并非一帆风顺，受到诸多历史和现实中形成的阻碍因素的困扰，从而决定了其在逆境中求发展的总路线，且一些先天不足的因子为其日后的挫折埋下了隐患。早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的历史意义：第一，民族主义在阿拉伯世界的兴起开辟了一条有别于传统的民族发展新路；第二，新型国家构建理念使阿拉伯人逐渐走出宗教／帝国范式，融入近代以来世界范围内的民族国家构建洪流；第三，民族主义的崛起唤醒和改造了阿拉伯人尘封已久的民族自我意识，使其适应新时期民族发展的需求；第四，民族主义思想在新的时代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特别是“王政时期”的泛阿拉伯主义运动虽然看起来显得那么稚嫩，但却奠定了阿拉伯世界的发展轨迹：在民族目标上，谋求民族独立或自由成为全民族各阶层的首要共识；在民族统一的问题上，独立的民族国家间的全面合作逐渐取代政治上的统一；在泛阿拉伯主义的另一面旗帜——巴勒斯坦问题上，巴勒斯坦战争预示着武力解决方案的失败，承认以色列、通过和平谈判的方式解决这一问题成为唯一的选择。第六，阿拉伯民族主义运动在某种程度上支援、鼓励和配合了世界上其他被压迫民族的解放斗争。早期泛阿拉伯统一运动的失落是内外因共同作用的结果。盘踞在阿拉伯世界的外来势力破坏了阿拉伯世界地理、社会、经济、文化和精神上的统一，割裂了阿拉伯世界各地区之间的联系，阻碍了阿拉伯统一运动的发展，这可视之为外因，但是深层次的原因还要从阿拉伯内部找寻。内因包括：阿拉伯世界的政治结构和王朝间的利益纷争削弱了泛阿拉伯统一运动的群众基础和民族基础；在局部地区，宗教少数派及其宗派主义思想不断地否定和破坏阿拉伯民族主义运动及其前提——对祖国的忠诚；阿拉伯世界中一些非阿拉伯民族的独立诉求挑战地区的统一；地区民族主义和伊斯兰主义阻碍了泛阿拉伯统一运动的开展；孱弱的国家主权限制了阿拉伯国家在民族事务上的能动性，而多样的政治体制则削弱了泛阿拉伯统一的政治建构基础；阿拉伯各地区或国家间经济、文化和社会发展的不平衡以及整体上的滞后削弱了泛阿拉伯统一运动的经济、文化和社会基础，等等。需要指出的是，众内因与外因之间、各内因之间普遍存在一种相互“策进”或联动作用，它们在破坏阿拉伯统一方面形成了合力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Arab Nationalism is a kind of political thoughts and practices which base on neoteric Arab nation awakening and aim at a series of national right of existence, equality, independence, unification and development. It is the results of collision and exchange between eastern and western civilization and by-products from combination of Western nationalistic thoughts and Eastern traditional Arab items (such as race, language, literature, tradition, region etc.). It is evidently composite characteristics. Comparing to the west, Arab nationalism belongs to category of eastern nationalism and is protective evidently. The word Arab Nationalism is coherent, but it developed with society and social relation. This development included idealism, economy, religion and society. Arab nationalism or general Arab Nationalism is a way for Arab nation to explore in future and is a theory and tool for protecting national rights and development in essence. Arab Nationalism emphasize that Arab people is an unified nation, and they long for building an united and independent Arab country to fulfill great renaissance of Arab nation.The development of earlier Arab Nationalism and movement can be divided into two stages-Nation awakening and King Era (in this stage the leader of general Arab movement is traditional societal elite) from 1798 to 1950s. During the national awakening, Arab nationalism experiences pregnancy stage of culture renaissance and then go to the stage of political pursuit. Arab Christians take a pioneer role in the process and present the mundane Arab nationalistic thought and lead the national movement of local regions in Arab world in 19 Century. Moslem Arab derived Arab nationalism thoughts from Islamic Modernism and Reformism in the late 19 Century. In the long run, the two thoughts are concealed before the World War I and Moslem Arabs has the leadership of Arab National movement gradually. However, at that time, Ottomanism is still the main thoughts which affect most Arabs deeply and this leads to the incompleteness of national fight, to seek for the national autonomy in the way of revolution in the framework of Ottoman Empire. However, the centralization and turkey’s policy implemented by The Young Turk after the revolution of 1908 destroy the Arab national fantasy and force them to fight for national independence. Finally, Arab revolution erupts in the World War I. Because of betray of western countries and inner course of its own, the revolution is defeated and united Arab nation is not constructed, but new political entities are created gradually and some leaders are still pushing forward the development of Arab Nationalism movement.This is called - the King Era. The theory of Arab nationalism complemented gradually in the second period, and there are some philosopher such as Sati al-Husri and Michel Aflaq. In the political practice, there are Iraq’s Faisal, Amir Abdallah, Nuri al-sa’id etc. Especially Egypt government is involved and put much energy in the torrent of general Arab national movement to build The League of Arab States. The creation of relaxed Arab League declares depression of general Arab united movement. It is noted that the problem of Palestine become more and more sharp, and become a flag of Pan-Arab Nationalism movement. However, all those nations can not prevent Jesus from establishing country .The defeat of Palestine war push the aristocrat of the movement to Serbonian bog arid newly grown-up political power become their tome miner. The Pan Arab movement is ended in King Era.The characteristics of earlier Arab national movement are that: First, Arab Nationalism is the product of communication of eastern and western civilization, and appears different era characteristics in different stages originally; Second, Arab Nationalism belongs to Cultural Nationalism from the view of thought and political practice; Third, the Concept of Arab Nation is changed and expanded gradually, at first, it only includes eastern Arab, and then western Arab is combined after 1920s; Fourth, in the earlier Arab national movement traditional political power takes the leadership. Fifth, the goal of fight, way and enemy changes slightly in the two stages; Sixth, the movement is unbalanced in different regions; Seventh, Arab Nationalists belong to many different groups; Eighth, there exists very complicated relationship between Arab Nationalism and Islam, Country’s Nationalism and Church; Ninth, , the thoughts of cooperation and union in non-political field, especially in economic and cultural become dominant in the creed of Arab Nationalism in the long run; Tenth, the development of Arab Nationalism is not smooth and is disturbed by many historical and practical factors in a whole, which decide the general line pursuing development in adversity and hidden trouble is buried for future development because of some congenital factors.The historical meanings of earlier Arab national movement are that: First, the rising of nationalism in Arab world pioneers a new routine different from traditional one; Second, the new conception of constructing country causes Arab people to be separated from formulation of religion / empire, and be immersed in construction onrush in neoteric world; Third, the grown-up of nationalism awakens and changes Arab’s traditional idea, and adapts them to the new one of national development; Fourth, the thoughts of nationalism rebuilds Arab nation in the background of new era; Fifth, the babyish Pan-Arabism especially in King Era establishes development contrail of Arab world. For national goals, pursuing national independence or freedom becomes common sense of every estate. For national union, complete cooperation between independent countries replaces political union. For Pan-Arabism - Palestine problem, Palestine war declares the defeat of power solution and foretells the exclusive choice of peaceful negotiation; Sixthly, Arab nationalism movement helps and encourages liberation war of oppressed nations in some degree.Failure of union movement of early Pan-Arabism is the results of influence of inner and outer factors. The existence of outer power stayed in Arab world destroys union of geography, society, economy, culture and spirits of Arab world, separates the connection of different regions, obstacles development of Arab unity movement which is thought to be outer factors. However, deeper reasons should be found in inner world. Inner reasons include that political structure of Arab world and deeply dispute weakens the base of Pan-Arabism movement. In local region, the thoughts of Religious Minorities and Sectarianism deny and destroy Arab nationalism movement and its premise-the sincerity of country. Some non-Arab nations pursuit the unity of theirs own not the whole Arab nations. Regional Nationalism and Islamism obstacle the development of Pan-Arab unity movement Weak sovereignty of Arab countries and diverse political rules weaken the political base of movement of Pan-Arab unity. Unbalance of economy, culture and base of society between different regions also lag the unified movement. It is noted that there commonly exists encouragement and cooperation between many inner factors and outer factors which destroy Arab unity.更多还原