英汉标记现象对比研究

【作者】 牟章；

【导师】 王远新；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 标记是一种普遍现象，在各种语言里都存在着不同程度、不同层次的标记现象。标记现象既是语言符号固有的特征，也是社会生活和文化因素的产物。由于英汉两种语言所处的文化背景和社会环境有很大差异，因此，与语言、社会、文化密切相关的标记现象也有异同。本文以英汉语中的名词、形容词、动词及代词为研究对象，对其涉及的一部份标记现象进行对比分析。第一章对比英汉名词的标记现象，主要涉及名词数的范畴和性别对立名词两个方面。在英语中，类名词通常是可数的，主要通过形态变化表示复数意义，而单数因其形式简单、意义基本，是无标记项；复数形式复杂，具有额外的意义“多”，是有标记项。集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词的特殊用法较多，因此，数范畴的标记现象比较复杂。专有名词通常不涉及单复数的问题。汉语名词没有严格的形态变化，名词数“范畴”的标记性主要体现在表示复数意义的后缀“们”上。在表示复数意义时，“们”的使用是有弹性的，“们”字结构与光杆名词的对立是不严格的。也就是说，光杆名词是无标记的，“们”字结构是有标记的。在英汉两种语言中，性别对立名词中的标记现象都是非常明显的，二者的共性大于差别。一般来说，阳性名词是无标记的，阴性名词则是有标记的。英汉性别对立名词中的标记现象体现了女性在男权社会中受到歧视。第二章对比英汉形容词中的标记现象。本章以极性反义词为研究对象，分别探讨了计量反义词、具有评价极向性的形容词和不具评价极向性的形容词中的标记现象。在计量反义词中，表度量高的形容词一般都是无标记的，而度量低的则是有标记的；在具有评价极向性的形容词中，带有褒扬色彩的是无标记的，而带有贬抑色彩的则是有标记的；在不具评价极向性的形容词中，标记现象则是临时的、动态的。总的来看，英汉极性反义词标记现象的基本规律和表现形式是一致的，体现了人类在心理及认知方面的共性，一般都遵循“礼貌”原则，所体现的则是“求好”心理。第三章对比英汉动词语法范畴中的语态标记现象。从认知角度讲，主动语态是自然的、符合事件发生顺序的，因而是无标记的；被动语态旨在强调结果，忽略施动，不符合事件发生顺序，因而是有标记的。但是，英语语态的选择是和文体风格分不开的。在强调客观性的科技、新闻等文体中，被动语态比较多见，是常用的，自然的，因而是无标记的；而在客观色彩不浓的文学等文体中，主动语态则比较多见，被动语态是有标记的。汉语语态和文体风格之间则不存在上述关联。汉语通常使用无主句表示客观性，而不是被动语态。汉语语态的标记现象主要表现在“被”字句等被动表达与一般的“主动宾”句及“把”字句的对立上。另外，“被”字句在表义上也有无标记和有标记之分。第四章对比英汉人称代词和指示代词中的标记现象。人称代词中的标记现象主要涉及三身代词的对立，以及第三人称单数形式中男性人称代词和女性人称代词的对立。在英汉两种语言中，第一人称的指代范围都是最广的，无标记性最强。在第三人称代词单数的性别对立中，英语中男性人称代词可以兼指性别不明的人，是无标记的；在汉语中，虽然性别不明的人和男性都是用“他”来指代，但却与英语不同，不是男性人称代词的词义发生了泛化，而是表泛指的人称代词“他”具有了男性特指义。因此，简单地将“他”判别为无标记项是不合适的。更多还原

【Abstract】 The mark is a universal phenomenon: there are mark phenomena at different levels to different degrees in any language. The mark phenomenon is not only a feature of the language itself but also the product of social life and cultural element. Because there is tremendous difference of the cultural background and social environment between English and Chinese, their mark phenomena also have differences and common points since they are closely connected with language, society and culture. This dissertation targets nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns in English and Chinese, comparing and analyzing the mark phenomenon of the above.In Chapter Ⅰ, the mark phenomenon of English and Chinese nouns will be compared mainly on two aspects: Noun number category and gender contrasting nouns. In English, class nouns are usually countable and have plural meaning through form change. The singular form is simple, the meaning is basic and it is unmarked; the plural form is complicated and has extra meaning and it is marked. There are many special usages about collective nouns, material nouns and abstract nouns, so the mark phenomenon of number category is quite complicated. Proper nouns normally involve no singular or plural issues.In a strict sense, Chinese nouns do not have form change. The markedness of noun number category mainly reflects on the suffix "men" expressing plural meaning. When expressing plural meaning, the usage of "men" is flexible. The contrast between the structure of "men" and bare nouns is not so strict. Usually we assume that bare nouns are unmarked and the structure of "men" is marked.In English and Chinese, the mark phenomenon of gender contrasting nouns is apparent; there are more common points than differences. Usually, masculine nouns are unmarked, and feminine nouns are marked. The mark phenomenon of gender contrasting nouns reflects that females are discriminated in the male society.In Chapter Ⅱ, the mark phenomenon of adjectives in Chinese and English will be analyzed. This chapter chooses gradable antonyms as the target and discusses the mark phenomenon of measurement antonyms, evaluable gradable adjectives and unevaluable gradable adjectives. In measurement antonyms, the high measurement is unmarked, and the low measurement is marked. Among evaluable gradable adjectives, commendatory adjectives are unmarked, and derogatory ones are marked. In unevaluable gradable adjectives, the markedness is temporary.In general, the basic rules and forms of the mark phenomenon of gradable adjectives are consistent, reflecting the common points of human psychological and cognition: for example, the "perfection"complex and "being polite" principle.In Chapter III, the mark phenomenon of English and Chinese grammar will be compared. From human cognitive point of view, active voice is natural, sequential and unmarked, and passive voice emphasizes result, not consistent and unmarked.But the choice of voice and style in English are associated. In scientific and journalism objective style, passive voice is normal, natural and unmarked. But in literature style, active voice is normal and passive voice is marked.Voice and style do not have this association in Chinese. Sentences with no subject are used to express objectivity, but not passive voice. The mark phenomenon of Chinese voice reflects on the contrast between the expression of passive voice such as "Bei" （passive voice key word in Chinese） and normal SVO and "Ba" sentences. Moreover, "Bei" sentences consist of markedness and unmarkedness.In Chapter Ⅳ, the mark phenomenon of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns are to be compared. Among personal pronouns, the mark phenomenon involves the contrast between male pronoun and female pronoun of the 3^rd person pronouns. In English and Chinese, the 1^st person pronouns have the widest range and the strongest unmarkedness. In the singular gender contrast of the 3^rd personal pronouns, male pronouns can also refer to people with no indication togender, and are unmarked. In Chinese, although people with no gender indication and male can both be referred to by "Ta", the situation is not exactly the same with English. It is not that the meaning of the male personal pronoun is generalized, but the personal pronoun that generally refers to "Ta" has changed into the male specific meaning. Therefore, it is not appropriate to simply classify "Ta" into unmarkedness category.更多还原