新月社研究

【作者】 刘群；

【导师】 陈思和；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 新月社既是中国现代文学史上影响很大的新文学社团之一，又作为一个自由主义知识分子团体而著称于现代中国思想史。本文打破过去或偏重文学艺术或偏重政治思想的单向度研究，首次将新月社置于文学史与政治思想史的统一框架中，围绕新月知识分子以聚餐会、出版物及出版机构等开辟的“公共空间”，着重从社团内部发展史、人事变迁的角度探讨新月社起源、发展和演变的历史，全面充分地再现了新月社及新月派文人的整体风貌。论文正文共分五章：第一章，首先在清理前人研究成果基础上对众说纷纭的新月社成立时间做出考辨，继而分析了新月社出现的背景及其意义、主要由知识精英与上流社会人士聚合而成的成员特点、新月社的经费来源及具有传统文人雅兴特色的日常活动等问题，并特别对新月的灵魂人物徐志摩与新月精神领袖胡适之间的交往关系进行梳理与比较。最后以史带论详述了新月社最重要的活动即参与接待泰戈尔访华排演泰氏剧作《齐德拉》等前前后后的情况，并以徐志摩、梁启超、胡适等人对待泰戈尔访华的态度为例透视新月知识分子主张自由宽容的文化价值观。第二章以徐志摩主编时期的《晨报副刊》为中心，探讨新月文人如何将《晨报副刊》这一现代传媒机构转变为发布他们自己的政治态度及文艺观念的“喉舌”机关。徐志摩“圈子化”的编辑思想及“苏俄仇友大讨论”、“闲话事件”等几次大论争鲜明体现了新月知识分子自由主义的政治立场以及他们作为留学美英群体与留日群体的对峙姿态；而作为新月同人刊物的首次亮相，《诗镌》与《剧刊》是清华文学社、中华戏剧改进社的主力成员与徐志摩为核心的新月社借助《晨报副刊》这一传媒平台合流的结果，艺术家群体成为此时的主角。本文详述了它们的创办缘起与经过，阐述了新月文人倡导的新诗格律化运动、国剧运动及其影响，同时更将笔墨侧重于同人内部在诗歌戏剧观念上的歧见及由此造成的人事离散、两份刊物“短命”等问题的挖掘。第三章则以新月书店为中心，考察新月文人介入现代都市出版领域的具体实践。首先分析了新月书店创办的人事聚合背景，指出时局的变动促成了新朋旧侣汇集上海的因缘际会，出版的渴望是新月文人创办书店的内在动因；进而详述书店从创办发展历经危机与中兴终至关门的始末，首次提出并分析了新月书店五任经理的更替，并着力突出了邵洵美对新月书店发展的贡献。继之，考察了新月书店的经营策略及其出版业绩。最后剖析了新月书店瓦解的原因：新月文人立足个人职业的岗位意识使其涉足出版界的经营活动具有“玩票”的性质，而追求个人文化政治理想与商业经营之间的冲突是其倒闭的内因，外因则源于委托经营方式的不力与同人地域上的离散造成的人心涣散。本章末附有笔者整理的新月书店出版书籍一览表。第四章以《新月》月刊为中心，从编辑“轮流坐庄”的角度入手展现新月文人内部的聚合与分岐，以窥新月知识分子的多重身份建构。创刊前后的诸多细节与波折体现出新月文人强烈的独立个性；而月刊编辑的不断更替暴露了社团内部重心不断位移的复杂形态：徐志摩、闻一多、饶孟侃及后期叶公超主编时期倾向于文艺，并大力培育文学新人，体现出某种“岗位”知识分子的特性；而以梁实秋为主力、同仁配合与鲁迅及左翼的论战，标明了新月派与革命文学对峙的鲜明立场；同时，以“平社”组织及成员为依托，胡适发动罗隆基等人高扬起的“人权论战”，展示了新月文人立足于“广场”面向“庙堂”言说的激烈姿态，提示出自由主义知识分子渐进改良的思想进路在近代中国社会进程中失意受挫的现实遭际。最后小结了《新月》由于资金、稿源及人事离散等问题停刊的结局。第五章则以《诗刊》季刊与《新月诗选》为中心，着重论述“新月诗人群”第一代与第二代之间的传承与变异。《诗刊》标志着新月第二代诗人的崛起，《新月诗选》则是新月诗派的总结和诗歌成就的集中体现。论文围绕新月新老诗人的创作实践及理论主张，重点寻觅他们在诗艺方面既有所继承又有所变化与突破的线索，最后从诗歌形式与内容两方面分析新月诗派在当时文坛上与现代派诗、左翼诗歌所处的对峙地位。结语部分追踪了新月文人分化后的去向。胡适及部分同人创办《独立评论》继续着新月“谈”政治的兴趣；叶公超、闻一多等创办的《学文》杂志是《新月》的后身，继承了新月文艺的流风余脉，也使“新月派”最终走向与“京派”的合流。《学文》的停刊标志着“新月”作为一个整体活动的中止。而储安平1946年创办《观察》周刊是对新月知识分子自由主义追求的自觉继承，卞之琳、何其芳等1950年代提出的“现代格律诗”延续和推进了新月诗派的理论主张。总之，通过对新月社历史演变轨迹及人事活动的追溯，本文认为新月知识分子以自己兼具中西教育背景的独特知识架构，以“讲学复议政”的形式参与社会进程，进而建立起他们作为现代知识分子在公共空间中属于自己的角色位置：他们身上既表现出厕身“庙堂”的渴望与尝试，更有广场知识分子启蒙大众的使命感，同时具备通过积极从事教育及出版领域的活动、发出自己的声音、培育扶持文学新人，从而使中国传统人文精神薪火相传的岗位知识分子的特点，形成了一种矛盾的集合体，也体现出了新月文人内部结构的繁杂性、松散性、丰厚性。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the most important literary organizations and celebrated liberalistic intellectuals group from 1920s to 1930s, the Crescent Society (later abbreviated as CS) has exerted far-reaching influence upon Chinese modern literature and thoughts. Though a lot has been discussed in the past decades, yet there is still much room for further study. Focusing on its personnel and activities, this dissertation attempts to present a clear and comprehensive picture of the CS. This dissertation consists of five chapters.Chapter one mainly clarifies some fundamental information about the CS, such as its time and backgrounds of the formation, its members of the construction and daily activities which has the characteristic of Chinese traditional scholars etc. Besides, this paper analyzes related historical materials about the CS receiving actively the well-known Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore.Centering on the Morning Newspaper Supplement edited by Xu Zhimo, Chapter two deals with how the Crescent intellectuals take advantage of this media to propagandize their political and literary viewpoints. In some extent, several significant polemics during this period embody their steadfast liberalistic standpoints. On the other hand, Both the Poem Weekly and the Drama Weekly demonstrate the Crescent artists devote themselves to their beloved poetry and drama. However, the two periodicals are dissolved lasting only about several months due to the divergence among the colleagues and other reasons.In Chapter three, the Crescent Bookstore becomes the core of the whole story. Firstly, this dissertation discusses the reason why the old and new members of the CS set up one bookstore in Shanghai, then reveals the history of the bookstore as well as its achievements from the beginning to the end. The author holds that there are five managers in charge of the bookstore and emphasizes particularly Shao Xunmei makes great efforts for the existence of the bookstore. Lastly, thisdissertation argues the reasons why the CS fails in publishing circles.Focusing on the Crescent Monthly, Chapter four mainly explores the coordination and divergences among the CS colleagues who each has unique value orientation. From the perspective of the editors being changed repeatedly, this dissertation presents that some of the members who foster lots of younger writers are inclined to the literature and others who fight for their pursuit of the liberalism which fails in China for its reformed scheme but not revolution concern the current politics. While confronting the left-wing literature circles, the CS members take the consistent stand and Liang Shiqiu plays the protagonist of the whole debate.Chapter five mainly centers on the Poem Quarterly and the Crescent Poem Anthology to deal with how the younger generation of the Crescent poets inherits from the older as well as makes some breakthroughs in theory and writing. Nevertheless, this dissertation also points out the unique position of the Crescent poets in 1930s: their opinion of the rule and form of the poem is despised by the Modern School poets while their works are criticized by the left-wing poets who regard them inactive and far away from the popular people. In the end, this dissertation traces the main members of the CS. The author holds that the activities of the CS as a whole end up the stop publication of Xuewen Monthly. In short, the personnel flow centering on the above-mentioned "public spaces" in some extent mirrors the vicissitude of this literary organization and liberalistic intellectuals group.更多还原