基于分工视角的产业集群形成与演进机理研究

【作者】 马中东；

【导师】 杨玉生；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 经济思想史， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 进入21世纪,中国被称为“世界工厂”,原因在于中国分布众多的产业集群,国内外对产业集群的研究进入繁荣期,但从分工角度系统研究产业集群的形成与演进机理,仍然十分必要。本论文首先从分工的不同层面分析产业集群的形成与演进,揭示技术分工、社会分工、区域分工、国际分工对产业集群形成与演进的不同作用机理。技术分工提高劳动效率,但会增加生产环节进而增加企业组织成本。劳动效率提高导致生产成本下降,产量增加,扩大了市场规模,产品和劳动力的交易频率不断提高,进而交易成本也会增加。市场规模的扩大进一步促使企业技术分工不断细化,生产环节越来越多,企业内部组织成本不断增加。当企业内部组织成本大于市场交易成本的时候,企业内部技术分工就外化为社会分工,即产生出许多只从事某一个环节生产的专业化企业,并形成企业网络。社会分工使交易成本进一步增加。交易成本中主要包含了运输成本、信息收集成本、谈判签约成本等。提高交易效率可以降低交易成本。为了降低交易成本,提高交易效率,企业有集聚在特定区域的内在动力。当大量从事专业化分工协作的企业集聚在一定区域时,产业集群就产生了。产业集群是专业化分工的产物,是人们为降低专业化分工产生的交易费用和获取由分工产生的报酬递增的一种空间表现形式。产业集群的存在又进一步促使技术分工和社会分工的深化。不同的经济区域由于其自然资源、经济资源、文化资源的禀赋不同,拥有各自区域优势。各地区就是依据各自优势进行专业化分工,生产具备竞争优势的产品,同其它地区的专业化生产的商品进行交换。在发展初期,会形成“中心——外围”的区域分工格局,导致资源会向中心区域集聚,形成地区专业化集中度很高的产业集群。随着中心区域产业集群的不断发展,集群内部的劳动力价格、地租等会因企业过度进入和拥挤而上升,许多专业化生产企业会迁出中心区域的集群,到生产成本比较低廉的外围地区集聚,这样在外围地区也会形成从事专业化生产的产业集群。最终各种专业化生产的产业集群会均衡分布,达到整个社会资源的最优配置。随着经济全球化进程加快,世界产业结构调整、外资的大量涌入,对我国地域分工产生深远影响。东南沿海承接国外产业转移,建立了许多劳动密集型企业,形成了许多以出口加工为主的专业化产业集群,融入了国际产业分工更多还原

【Abstract】 China is named as“the world factory”in the 21-century, for a large number of industrial clusters are distributing in many palaces of China. The research on industrial clusters is booming at home and abroad, but it is of great necessity to study the formation and evolution mechanism of industrial clusters from the perspective of labor division.First of all, this dissertation analyzes the formation and evolution of industrial cluster from different levels of labor division and reveals the relation of technical division of labor, social division of labour, regional division of labour and international division of labour, and the different formation and evolution mechanism of industrial clusters. The technical division of labour can improve efficiency, but it increases production chains resulting in growing enterprise organization cost. High labor efficiency leads to the reduction of production cost and the increase of output, enlarges the scale of market, heightens the transaction frequency of products and labor force, which gives rise to the increase of transaction cost as well. The enlarging of the scale of market makes the technical division of labour of firms gradually fine, more production chains and more enterprise organization cost. When the enterprise organization cost is larger than the transaction cost of market, the technical division of labour in the firms is switched as social division of labour, namely, many specialized firms which should have been engaged in one productive means come into being and the network of firms will be accordingly formed. Social division of labour leads to more transaction cost. The transaction cost mainly includes transportation cost, information collection cost, negotiation and endorsement cost etc. High transaction efficiency gives rise to less transaction cost. In order to reduce transaction cost and improve transaction efficiency, firms have an internal impetus to assemble in one area. When a great deal of specialized firms agglomerate in one area, an industrial cluster will form. The industrial cluster is the output of specialized division of labor, a form of spatial embodiment for humans to reduce the transaction cost caused by specialized divison of labor and acquire increasing returns caused by division of labor. The更多还原