【作者】 龚泽军；

【导师】 项楚；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 上世纪初敦煌文献的发现,乃是二十世纪伟大发现之一。敦煌文献从他被发现的那一刻起,就倍受世人的关注,受到了来自历史、文化、语言、文学、宗教、哲学等方面学者的高度关注。其研究范围之广,研究人数之多,其他学科很难相比,并已成为一门国际性的显学——敦煌学。 就语言文学研究而言,在开始阶段,研究者的重点是放在以敦煌变文、俗赋、押座文、讲经文、王梵志诗等为代表的俗文学以及以唐诗等为代表的雅文学上,而对敦煌祭悼文等敦煌文则无暇顾及。随着研究的不断深入,范围的不断扩大,这种现状到了二十世纪八十年代开始有所改变。虽然从八十年代开始,研究者开始将目光投向祭悼文,但其并没有被研究者作为一个完整的对象来全方位的研究。敦煌祭悼文或许没有象敦煌变文等俗文学作品以及其他一些历史文献的研究价值大,但他同样是蕴含着丰富内容的文本。正是基于如此考虑,我们选择敦煌祭悼文作为研究对象,试图全方位的来研究他。 本文立足于敦煌祭悼文文献,历时与共时相结合,考证源流与平面描写并重,全面细致的分析、阐释敦煌祭悼文所蕴含的民俗、宗教、语言、文学等方面的内容。 全文包括五个部分: 第一部分引言:我们简略的考察了祭悼文的源流与演变,回顾了现阶段敦煌祭悼文的研究状况,并在前辈时贤的基础上界定敦煌祭悼文之命名及其所包含的类别:祭文、临圹文、亡文、行香文、脱服文等。我们详细的分析、说明在含有敦煌祭悼文的一百五十左右写卷中敦煌祭悼文的抄写情况,并为一些祭悼文重新定名。更多还原

【Abstract】 Among the discoveries in 20th century, the discovery of Dunhuang documents is the greatest one. The Dunhuang documents has been widely concerned and tudied, especially by scholars from the fields of history, culture, language, literature, eligion and philosophy. The study on Dunhuang documents has been an international hotsubject——Dunhuang Study, for the remarkable variety of its study fields and thepopulous scholars studying on it.On the aspect of literature study, at the beginning, scholars were focusing on the folk literature and elegant literature, but not on Memorial Obituarese. Although such situation had been changed since 1980s, studies on Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese are just skin-deep and Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese was not studied as a whole. But Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is rich in contents and texts, based on which, this paper focuses on it and tries to study it as a whole and from various angles.Based on documents of Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese, combining the history and reality, laying equal stress on both textual research and description, this paper carefully analyses the contents of folk custom, religion, language and literature contained in Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese.This paper has five parts.The first part is the foreword. In this part, the paper discusses the origin and development of Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese and reviews the current situation ofDunhuang Memorial Obituarese study. Furthermore, on the basis of the achievement of other scholars, the paper identifies the name of Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese and its branches as Jiwen(Memorial Ceremony Obituarese), inkuangwen(Obituarese for funeral), Wangwen (Obituarese for death), Xingxiangwen(Obituarese for burning joss sticks), Tuofuwen (Obituarese for taking off mourning dress).etc. Then, the paper concludes the general situation of Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese in the about 150 Dunhuang Handwritten Books and re-names some of the Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese.The second part is on the folk custom and religion in Dunhuang Memorial Obiruarese. The paper analyses the folk custom in Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese from the custom of burning joss sticks on anniversary of death, custom of praying for harvest, custom of funeral ceremony, custom of memorizing animals, etc. The paper reveals the Buddhism contents in Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese by through analyzing the Buddhism ceremonies, Buddhism argumentation, funeral of monks and nuns. The paper reveals the Taoism contents in Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese by through analyzing the Taoism ceremonies, Taoism argumentation, etc. Though Buddhism and Taoism repel one another, they also absorb and merge some elements from each other. In the Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese, 49 days after the death of a Taoist priest, a memorial ceremony shall be held. In some Wangwen for monks or nuns, even in some Memorial Obituarese in the Memorial Ceremony hosted by monks or nun, Taoism was represented more or less. All these are evidences that Taoism and Buddhism have absorbed and infiltrated some elements from one another.The third is about the vocabulary of Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese. Take the dictionaries like "Chinese Dictionary" and "Dictioanry of Languages of Tang Dynasty and the Wudai Dynasties" as references, the paper reveals and lists out some words and characters left out in the dictionaries, which will be a reference when revising these dictionaries. Because of the style, Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is rich in disyllabic synonyms. As well, there are many synonyms ofsame semantics, for instance, there are 33 disyllabic synonyms to express grief and sadness. The paper chooses 16 groups of disyllabic synonyms and analyzes their origin and development in detail, which is making contribution to the study of synonyms and semantics. Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is also rich in words and expressions of Taoism and Buddhism, especially, Buddhism. Words and expressions of Buddhism appear in various forms, while the different forms were mixed. Words and expressions of Taoism are generally terms and not of large account.The forth is literature study of Dunhuang Memorial Obitiuarese. By analyzing the textual structure, the paper points out that the Dunhuang Memorial Obitiuarese has two types, one is Jiwen, and another is Linkuangwen, Wangwen, Xingxiangwen and Tuofuwen. The latter type Memorial Obituarese generally has six parts: Haotou, Mingzhai, Tande, Zhaiyi, Daochang, Zhuangyan (haowei) . For convenience, the copyist often omitted some parts of the Obituatese as Haotou, Mingzhai, Daochang and Zhuangyan. Those parts omitted by copyists can be complemented according to the habit of the copyist. Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese also quotes many classics including Buddhism and Confucianism classics. The Confucianism classics were used in three aspects: the sages’ sigh for times and life, description of the achievements of the dead and the grief of the person holding the Memorial ceremony. While Buddhism classics were used in more various aspects. Some Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese contain poems which make the Obituarese more moving.The fifth part is the conclusion of this paper. Based on the analyses in the above parts, this paper concludes that, as texts reflecting the life of Dunghuang people, Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is rich in contents with its own characters:1.Character of folk custom and religion. Before, the formal and official documents are the main sources of learning folk customs. Now, Dunuang Memorial obiruarese let us know folk customs of Dunhuang area in detail. As well, Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese reflects the influence of Buddhism and Taoism and the mutual infiltration of the two religions in Dunhuang area.2.Character of language. There are certain number of new words and expressions in Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese, which is a good reference when revising some related dictionaries. Because of style, Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese has many disyllabic synonyms, especially, words and expressions of Buddhism and Taoism.3. Character of literature. All Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is for practice of memorial or funeral ceremony; it has the character of practice. Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese, except some special ones, can be used at any other situation only if the appellations were changed, especially those model texts. Therefore, it has the character of adaptability. The two characters are inter-related. Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese also has some other characters, such as it has many quotations of classics, it mainly applies rhythmical prose style marked with many parallelism sentences, etc.Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is of dual identity; it’s a kind of Obituarese on one hand, and a special carrier of reflection of Dunhuang people’s life. As the former, it expresses the grief to the death, awe to the gods and ghosts; as the latter, it reveals the life, the folk custom, culture and religion of Dunhuang people at that time. Either being considered as a kind of Obituarese or as the special carrier, Dunhuang Memorial Obituarese is of rich study value, it has too many substances waiting for developing and studing.更多还原