【作者】 茹广欣；

【导师】 王豁然； 郑勇奇； 李荣幸；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 林木遗传育种， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 泡桐属(Paulownia Sieb．et Zucc)包括9种、4变种，分布于东亚地区，我国均产之，其自然分布与栽培区遍布全国23个省(市)、自治区，是人工林、农林间作系统和四旁绿化的重要树种。 本研究以毛泡桐、白花泡桐等9个种为材料，包括毛泡桐24个种源、白花泡桐33个种源、泡桐种间杂交F1代及复交后代、以及31个泡桐无性系，对泡桐遗传变异进行了分析。毛泡桐、白花泡桐种源试验采用完全随机区组设计，3次重复、10株小区，单行栽植；泡桐杂种对比试验及无性系对比试验采用完全随机区组设计，4次重复、6株小区，单行栽植。田间调查包括生长性状、树冠性状、物候期、冻害及病害程度，室内分析包括植物细胞膜透性、木材材性等内容，采用田间多年试验调查与室内分析相结合，通过主成分分析、聚类分析、相关分析、灰色关联度分析等方法，对毛泡桐不同种源地理变异规律、白花泡桐引种试验、泡桐杂种后代生长表现、接干规律、丛枝病变异规律及木材材性进行了分析，主要结论如下： 1 毛泡桐(P.tomentosa)不同种源生长性状差异明显。在北方正常情况下不存在冻害现象。物候期表现出种源纬度愈高，发芽愈早，种源纬度愈低，发芽愈迟的趋势。树高、胸径生长随地理经度的增加而增大。与纬度的关系较弱。早期各年间生长性状相关明显，速生品种选择在5a生以后比较可靠。 通过聚类分析，把毛泡桐地理种源划分为3部分，第1部分，在整个分布区东部和南部，以安徽、湖北种源为主；第2部分，在分布区的中部，以伏牛山区种源为主，但同时大连、太原、延安等在分布区北界的种源也聚入此类；第3部分，在分布区的西北部，以甘肃、陕西北部种源为主，聚类归属基本与地理位置相符。 2 河南引种白花泡桐(P.fortuneii)，不同种源生长及适应性差异巨大。云南、广西、广东等种源越冬后大部分被冻死，保存率低。自然分布区北部种源保存率较高。室内电导法测定种源受冻率与田间受冻率相关明显，可以用电导率值来指示不同种源抗冻性的强弱。种源所在地气象因子与各种源的表现关系密切，主要表现在低温的影响上。种源所在地低温越低，保存率越高，受冻程度越小。原产地温度年较差越小，引种后保存率越低，受冻程度越大。降水量与引种地的冻害及保存率关系不大。不同种源生长与其原产地的地理纬度关系不大，呈现一种随摘要机变异现象。但与经度相关明显，随经度的增加，树高、胸径呈现下降趋势。 北纬26“以下的种源在河南引种，保存率为56.69%。26“以9“之间的种源，保存率为65.71%，29“以上的种源保存率为74.59%。说明分布区中部以南的种源在河南引种，气候条件对它的影响还是十分明显的。灰色关联度分析表明，分布区南部白花泡桐向北引种时，河南、陕西、山西及其以北地区属于极不适宜引种区，湖北、江苏、安徽等地虽然有白花泡桐天然分布，但同样受到气候条件影响，(也不适宜引种分布区南部的种源。分布区中部种源向北引种时，河南南部地区固始、南阳、平顶山、西峡、信阳、周口、驻马店等市县比较适宜:在北部及西部地区则不适宜。白花泡桐分布区北部种源引种，河南南部属于适宜区、河南北部及陕西属于较适宜区。灰色关联分析结果与不同种源实际表现基本相符。3泡桐属种间杂交比较容易，但不同种间杂交得到杂种机率不一样。毛泡桐杂交可配性高，山明泡桐杂交成功的可能性相对较小。台湾泡桐正反交可配性差异明显，用作父本参与杂交时，较易得到杂种，用作母本进行杂交时成功率较低。杂种F1代与亲本相比，63.41%杂交组合出现杂种优势现象。毛泡桐X台泡桐和白花泡桐X川泡桐正反交后代同时表现出杂种优势，而兰考泡桐X白花泡桐、兰考泡桐x毛泡桐、兰考泡桐x川泡桐、毛泡桐X白花泡桐、毛泡桐x川泡桐以及毛泡桐x南方泡桐等则表现为一方有优势，而另一方则没有优势。但以泡桐杂种作为一方或两方亲本进行杂交，其少数杂交组合后代生长超过亲本，多数组合生长低于其亲本。一般配合力、特殊配合力和反交效应在苗高上差异明显，地径仅一般配合力和反交效应明显，特殊配合力差异不显著。 泡桐花的形态特征在单交组合后代上表现比较一致，复交后代多数性状出现分化。本研究发现，泡桐杂交组合，尊裂浅与浅杂交，杂种后代尊裂均为浅裂，深与浅杂交，杂种后代均为浅裂，浅与深杂交，杂种后代72.80k为浅裂，27.2%为深裂，而深与深杂交，16.7%为浅裂，83.3%为深裂。花尊开裂深度浅对深具有较明显的显性。在对花总梗的研究中，同样也发现总梗长对短也具有较明显的显性。主成分分析表明在对花的综合行状分析中花序和果实在分析中起主要作用。4通过聚类分析，将泡桐划分为难接干、连续接干和非连续接干3种类型。连续接干类型在群体中所占比例较小，但生长迅速、主干高、树型优美，是泡桐干形改良和选择的优良类型。5参试无性系是在不同条件下选育出的优良无性系，但在相同立地及管理条件下，各无性系间生长表现差异明显。速生性最好是8508一2和14一13无性系，入选群体摘妄单株胸径和树高平均值为35.43cm和16.74m，分别比原始群体高出15.26%和13.49%。根据多性状综?更多还原

【Abstract】 The genus of Paulownia including 9 species and 4 varieties is distributed in eastern Asia and all species and varieties of the genus occur in China. Paulownia trees grow in23 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, being important species to plantation forestry and agroforestry intercropping system. P. tomentosa and P. fortuneiii,24 provenances of P. tomentosa and 33 provenance of P. fortuneii, and 31 hybrid clones were studied. A randomized completely block design was used for the provenance trail of P. tomentosa, with 3 replicates each consisting of 10 plots planted with single line trees. For the hybrid trial and the clonal test, a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates consisting of 6 plots with single line trees. Measurements were conducted for growth, tree crown, phenology, damages respectively by freezing and disease. The lab analyses were made for cell membrane penetrability, wood properties etc. Based on the data obtained from many years of field trials and the lab analyses, principal component analysis, single linkage cluster analysis, correlation analysis and gray regression analysis were conducted to study the geographical variation of P. tomentosa, the potential of introduction of P. fortuneii to areas out of its natural range, the performance of the inter-specific hybrids, the pattern of stem re-growth after topping, the variation in MLO and the wood properties. Main findings are summarized as follows:1 Significant geographic variation of growth traits was found within the range of P. tomentosa. In normal condition P. tomentosa does not suffer from freezing in the north of China. The higher the latitudes of a provenance, the earlier the seeds germinate. The height and the DBH (diameter at breast height) increase with the latitudes of the origin of the provenance. However, it is weakly correlated with the latitude. Year to year correlations indicates that selection of fast-growing trees can be reliably conducted atthe 5th year.The cluster analysis indicates that provenances can be divided into 3 groups, provenances from Anhui and Hubei provinces, provenances from Funiu Mountains, the central area of the distribution, Dalian, Taiyuan, Yanan and northern areas of the distribution, and provenances from Gansu and Shanxi, northeast part of the distribution. This finding corresponds to the geographical locations of the provenances.2 The species introduction trial of P. foriuneii indicated that the growth and adaptability varied greatly within the range of species. Majority of the provenances belonging to Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong were frozen to death in winter, leading to a lower survival rate. However, the north provenances displayed a higher survival rate. The conductivity test showed that survival rate was closely related with the field freezing rate, indicating the possibility of using conductivity to reveal extent of field freezing. The performance of different provenances was closely correlated with meteorological factors in the provenance origins. It was found that the low temperature had stronger influence than did the other factors. Results indicate that provenances from lower locations had higher survival rate. Provenances with lower mean annual temperature in their origins had smaller survival rate. No significant correlation was found between the precipitation and the survival rate and damage by freezing. The growth rate was not correlated with longitude of provenance origin, but significantly with latitude. Height and DBH (diameter at breast height) appeared to decline along with the increase of latitude.Provenances from areas with latitude lower than 26?displayed a survival rate of 56.69%, those from between 26皛29?showed a survival rate of 65.71%, those from latitudes higher than 29?had a survival rate of 74.59%. This indicates that the climatic conditions in Henan had significant impacts on provenances introduced from central to south of the distribution range of Paulownia.Gray connecting analysis indicates that Henan,Shanxi,Shanxi and the north from Shanxi are n更多还原