【作者】 张崇旺；

【导师】 陈支平；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 专门史， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 自然灾害是指自然力对人类社会造成的损害。明清时期江淮地区的自然灾害主要包括水、旱、蝗、潮、瘟疫、地震、大风、冰雹、雪灾和低温霜冻等。本文以灾害为切入点，试图对明清时期的自然灾害与江淮地区社会经济互动过程作一系统而深入地考察，以冀对丰富历史研究内容以及今天江淮地区的社会经济发展和防灾减灾大有裨益。 全文以灾害的生成与人类的应对为主线，分置七章。第一章论述明清时期江淮地区的生态环境和人文环境。自然灾害的发生是自然这一外营力作用于人类社会的过程，是自然因素和社会因素共同作用的结果。一方面，江淮地区过渡性的地形、气候、水系是造成该地区多灾的重要自然地理因子。而南宋以来的黄河夺淮又扰乱了江淮地区的水系，从而增加了自然因子的孕灾机率。另一方面，明清时期江淮地区人地关系失调所造成的农业过度垦殖，废湖涸塘为田，伐林拓地垦荒，使得原本就比较脆弱的自然生态环境更趋恶化，这样又加大了成灾的强度和频度。南宋以降，屡遭灾害袭击的江淮地区社会经济长期处于停滞状态，至明清时期仍然处在“不发展”的农耕社会阶段，这种农耕社会环境虽然不是导致灾害发生的原因，但这种经济形态无疑加大了灾害的破坏力和破坏程度。而频繁的灾害和灾度的放大，反过来又大大降低它自身处理和化解灾害以迅速恢复生产的的能力。 第二章分灾种概述明清时期江淮地区的灾情。水灾为江淮诸灾种之首，主要有雨水之灾、山洪之灾、江河湖漫溢决口之灾、坍江之灾四种类型。旱灾是仅次于水灾的灾种。从时间分布上看，江淮地区水旱灾害多集中于春夏秋三季。从空间分布上看，旱灾发生的机率由江淮南部向北部逐渐加大，其中江淮丘陵地区旱灾比较严重。沿淮、沿江一带多堤防溃决之灾，江淮西部和中东部山地多山洪之灾，里下河地区多坝水之灾，长江三角洲北岸平原多坍江之灾。蝗灾和旱灾相关性很强，一般都是旱蝗相继。除了沿江洲地和湖区、江淮平原、滨海平原低洼之地是蝗虫的适生地以外，江淮的蝗灾多是飞蝗所为。江淮的潮灾有风暴潮、海水漫溢、涵水倒灌、江潮诸形式，以风暴潮、江潮成灾最重。瘟疫、地震、大风、冰雹、雪灾和低温霜冻虽然不是江淮地区的主要灾种，但灾害降临时都具有极强的破坏性。 第三章从生产力和社会秩序两个方面论述了灾害对江淮地区社会经济的强烈冲击。灾害往往造成人口的大量死亡和逃亡，从而使得灾地人口大量的缺失，对生产力产生极大的破坏。灾荒频仍还是江淮部分地区逃荒习俗形成的一个重要原因。中文摘要灾害还使灾地耕地严重缺损，耕作制度发生一定程度的逆转。灾害还导致江淮地区社会矛盾激化，水利构讼纷纷，饥民抢米风潮不断，盗贼因灾而勃兴，江淮地域社会时常处于动荡不安状态。 第四、五、六、七章从应灾的角度以灾前、灾中、灾后为线索，分别论述了江淮地区民众的水利治灾、仓储备荒、抗灾救灾、攘饵减灾。第四章论述了江淮地区的水利治灾工程建设。江淮地区河道整治主要是兴建江河堤防以防洪和开浚河道以减水涨。江淮东部河道整治是重中之重，但由于治黄、治淮、治运以服从保护运道和祖陵安全为目的，水利减灾实效大打折扣。江淮农田水利治灾成效显著，不但因地制宜地发展出了多种水利形式，还兴修和维护了一批重大的农田防洪灌溉工程。其中好田水利形式获得了大发展，取得了明显的减灾效益。 第五章论述了江淮地区的常平仓和义仓、社仓。江淮的备荒仓储建设尽管因投入不足、管理不善、战乱破坏等因素而导致兴废不常，但总的来说还是在一定程度上发挥了它的防灾救荒作用的。第六章论述了官民在灾中和灾后的抗灾救灾工作。官府虽然仍然是江淮地区仓储建设、抗灾救灾的主导力量，但民间个人和社会组织的防灾备荒、抗灾救灾作用也不可忽视，它是对官府仓储备荒、抗灾救灾工作不足的一个有力补充。不过，由于社会经济发展水平高低的差异，江淮地区仓储备荒、抗灾救灾工作中的官民格局也存在着地区差异。江淮南部和西部因社会经济发展水平较高，民间社会力量发展得比较充分，民间个人和社会组织力量成为当地防灾救灾的一支生力军。而江淮北部和东部滨海地区则因为社会经济发展水平相对较低，民间社会力量参与防灾救灾的作用微乎其微。从中我们可以深切透视明清以来江淮逃荒习俗、江北人下江南谋生业这种社会经济现象的更深层次的社会背景。 第七章从人文减灾角度分别论述了江淮地区的雨旱信仰、水利信仰、虫疫灾害信仰。攘灾信仰不能简单地视之为迷信，实际上它是人们面对频繁灾害在精神层面作出的一种应对，是人文减灾的重要内容。江淮雨早信仰、水利信仰类型的多样化以及官民的普遍信奉，说明了江淮地区水早灾害的频繁和严重。与其它地区相比较，蝗虫、瘟疫信仰也体现出了地域性特点。尽管江淮人们信奉的蝗神有多种，但主要还是信奉传说在江淮驱蝗有功的刘铸，而非刘宰或者刘承忠。崇奉的瘟神也主要是都天大帝，其原型就是唐代保障江淮有功的张巡。因其死得惨烈，死后由厉鬼而演变为瘟神，所以在祭祀时间、祭祀仪式等方面与其它地区的瘟神崇拜相较都有很大的不同更多还原

【Abstract】 Natural disaster refers to damage brought by natural forces to human society. In Ming and Qing dynasties, natural disasters in Jianghuai Region (the area between Yangtze River and Huai River) included flood, drought, disaster brought by locusts, plague, earthquake, gale, hale, heavy snow, and unexpected frost. With natural disasters as a starting point, the author of this thesis makes an attempt to carry out research, systemically and profoundly, on interactive relation between natural disasters, society and economy in Jianghuai Region in Ming and Qing dynasties. The research may contribute to the historical research as well as to the social and economic development and to avoiding and relieving the damage caused by those disasters.The thesis divides into seven chapters, with a focus on how disasters happened and how local people responded. Chapter One describes the ecological and social environment in Jianghuai Region in Ming and Qing dynasties. To put it into more detail, occurrence of natural disasters is a process in which natural forces act on human society. Social factors also play a role in this process. On the one hand, transitional natural features in topography, climate, and water system are reasons why natural disasters happened so often in this region. Since Nan Song Dynasty, Yellow River flowed through the course of Huai River. This disturbed the water system in the region and thus, it was more likely to bring natural disasters. On the other hand, in Ming and Qing dynasties, improper ratio between population and arable land in this region resulted in many improper agricultural activities, such as excessive cultivation of the land, formation of land by draining lakes and cutting down the forests, thus worsening the fragile ecological environment. This in turn caused natural disasters to happen more severely and frequently. Since Nan Song Dynasty, frequent natural disasters stagnated the economic development in this region. Until Ming and Qing dynasties, the region was still in an underdeveloped fanning stage. This economic form of fanning was not the direct reason of those disasters, but it undoubtedly amplified the damaging force as well as the degree of the disasters. In turn, the high frequency and amplification of the natural disasters greatly reduced the abilities of the people in the region to respond to the disasters and to resume agricultural activities after the disasters.Chapter Two describes the variety of the disasters in the region in Ming and Qing dynasties. Flood, among all the disasters, caused the most serious damage to the region. To be more exact, the flood could be formed by heavy rain, by the water rushing down from mountains, by the rivers and lakes overflowing their banks or because of bankscollapsing towards the river. Next to flood, drought also caused serious damage. In terms of time, drought in the region often occurred in spring, summer, and autumn, while in terms of space, gradually, draught occurred more frequently in the north of the region than in the south, with its highland most hit by draught. Areas along Huai River and Yangtze River were often flooded by water overflowing the banks; Mountain areas in its west and middle east often suffered from water rushing down from mountains; areas of Lixia River were often flooded by heavy rain; plains north of the Yangtze river were often flooded because of banks collapsing inward. Drought and locusts’ damage were often closely related to each other. They usually came one after another. Except for some areas along the rivers and lakes, Jianghuai Plain, lowland in Binhai Plain, most areas in Jianghuai region suffered from flying locusts. There was also damage caused by tidewater. It could be further divided. They included storm tidewater, ocean tidewater, seawater overflowing into rivers, river tidewater and so on, among which, storm tidewater and river tidewater caused the most serious damage. Other disasters such as plague, earthquake, gale, hale, heavy snow, and unexpected frost did not occur so frequent, but when the更多还原