【作者】 周爱民；

【导师】 古德生；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 采矿工程， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 采矿工业在提供原材料的同时也不可避免地破坏自然环境。随着矿产需求量的增加，由资源开发利用引发的环境破坏和废料排放已成为全球性的严峻问题。因此，尽量使矿山固体废料不向地面排放和采空区被有效地充填，已是急待研究解决的重大课题。 按照工业生态学的观点，解决矿山环境问题最有效的途经是将矿山废料转化为资源被重新利用。基于工业生态学的充填模式就是要将矿山的各个工序作为一个系统对待，把矿山充填作为固体废料资源化的一个有效手段，实现矿山固体废料排放最小化，从根本上解决矿山环境保护问题。新的充填模式由三个基本要素组成：①内循环技术；②经济效益和③废料流量。第一要素是必要条件，即该充填模式必须以低成本、高效率和高可靠性能的充填技术作为支撑，是其核心要素。本文重点研究的自然级配废石胶结充填技术、赤泥胶结充填技术和高浓度全尾矿充填技术，正是为了满足这一充填模式的要求。第二要素为充分条件，在该充填模式下能够实现经济平衡甚至获取新增效益。第三要素则表征废料的资源化程度。这一充填模式将实现固体废料排放量最小甚至为零。 自然级配废石胶结充填技术充分利用矿山废石作为充填集料，采用充填料分流输送和自淋混合新工艺，实现最优含水量配合，获得令人满意的充填效果。不但简化了充填工艺系统、降低了水泥单耗和制造成本，而且充分利用了工业废料、可实现大规模连续充填和井下掘进废石不出窿。充填料的最优含水量模型为：W=K_cC+K_gG，从本质上揭示了各充填料组分的最佳含水状态。在最优含水量配合下的废石胶结充填料试块单轴抗压强度模型为：R₂₈=1.875+0.021C。 赤泥胶结充填技术利用赤泥的活性和矿山充填的低标号特点，通过添加激活剂获得完全满足矿山充填要求的赤泥胶结剂。采用赤泥胶结剂与425^#硅酸盐水泥均按1∶4的灰砂比与全尾砂混合后，前者28天的试块单轴坑压强度达2.5MPa，是后者的2.7倍；且赤泥胶结充填料在采场不脱水、流动性能好和有利于充填接顶。赤泥胶结充填技术创新了高成本加热活化利用赤泥的传统技术，不但为矿山充填提供了一种高性能、低成本胶结剂，而且为大宗量利用赤泥开辟了一条低成本途经。 实现全尾矿充填的高浓度挤压输送充填技术，通过在井下安装一挤压输送装置，借助料浆的自然压头，在无阀条件下加压输送高浓度全尾摘要矿充填料。挤压输送装置主要由三通、挤压输送缸、活塞和动力执行部分组成，取消了传统的分配阀部件，从结构和输送原理上对输送泵进行了创新。该技术的工艺系统可靠，实现了低投资、低污染和低成本的高浓度充填，因而解决了高浓度全尾矿充填系统故障率高和投资大的难题。由于只需在充填系统的适当位置安装一台挤压输送装置，能够很简便地对现有浆体充填系统进行改造，在我国具有很广泛的适应性。更多还原

【Abstract】 At the time when mining industry offers us raw materials, it inevitably deteriorates the natural environment. As the demand for minerals grows, environmental deterioration and waste discharge, induced by resource exploitation, have become serious global issues. Therefore, disposing of solid mining waste and effective backfilling of mined-out areas are two research subjects of pressing importance.From the viewpoint of industrial ecology, the most effective solution to mining-related environmental deterioration would be recycling the mining waste into exploitable secondary resources. The backfilling mode based on industrial ecology is to treat all the mining operations as a single system in which backfilling is viewed as an effective approach to turning the solid mining waste into resources so as to minimize its discharge. As a result, the environmental deterioration caused by mining waste is eliminated once for all. The backfilling mode dealt with in this paper features three basic elements, that is, (1) internal recycling technology; (2) profitability and (3) discharge of mining waste. The first element is a necessary condition, i.e.,the filling mode must be supported by low cost, highly effective and highly reliable backfilling technologies. Innovative backfilling technologies such as unclassified waste rock cemented filling, red mud consolidated filling and highly concentrated unclassified tailings squeezed transportation filling have been developed to satisfy this very requirement. The second element is a sufficient condition for achieving economic balance or even bringing new profits. The third element features the extent of turning waste into resources , which indicates that the filling mode controls the discharge of solid waste to a minimum or even to zero.In unclassified waste rock cemented backfilling, mining waste rock is used as filling aggregate. The filling ingredients are transported separately and then mixed through a new self-spraying technique, which can achieve optimum water content matching and result in desirablefilling performance. This technology not only simplifies the backfill system, cuts cement consumption and filling cost, but makes full use of the mining waste as well, enabling large scale continuous filling and disposing all the development waste underground. The model for optimum water content in a filling mixtures is : W=KcC +KgG, which fundamentally reveals the optimum water content in various filling ingredients. Under the condition of optimum water content, the model for uniaxial compressive strength of the cemented fill after 28 days is: R28=1.875+0.021C.The red mud consolidated backfill technology is to make use of the activity of red mud and the low grade requirement for mine fill. A mixture of activating agents with red mud can produce a consolidating agent which would fully satisfy the requirements for mine fill. Specimen blocks were made by mixing red mud consolidating agent and Grade 425" silicate, separately, in a ratio of 1:4, with unclassified tailings. After 28 days, the specimen block containing red mud consolidating agent exhibited a uniaxial compressive strength of 2.5MPa, 2.7 times that of the block containing cement. On the other hand, red mud consolidated backfill eradicates dewatering in slopes, exhibits good flowability and is favorable for filling to roof contact face. This technology offers an innovative alternative to the utilization of red mud which used to be activated by the traditional costly heating method. The new technology not only provides mines with a low cost consolidating agent, but also offers an approach to large scale use of red mud in a cheaper way.In the highly concentrated unclassified tailings squeezed transportation backfill technology, a squeezing transportation pump is installed underground. With the aid of gravity pressure, the highly concentrated unclassified tailings filling mixture is pressed and transported under a valveless condition. The squeezing pump mainly consists of a tee_fitting, a squeezing transportation cylinder更多还原